Allegheny County, Pennsylvania — Tax Sale & Surplus Procedure
Local operations layer. The legal framework (redemption periods, surplus rights, statutes, case law) lives on the parent page → pennsylvania. This page covers how Allegheny County actually runs it. Legal information, not legal advice. Last verified: 2026-06-02.
Allegheny County is a second-class county — one of only two PA counties (with Philadelphia) that operates under the Municipal Claims and Tax Liens Act (MCTLA), 53 P.S. §§ 7101–7505, not the RETSL used by all other counties. The practical consequence: delinquent taxes are collected through a sheriff’s sale (not an upset/judicial/repository-sale chain), the deed conveys a 9-month post-sale redemption right for occupied property, and all three local taxing bodies can each trigger a separate sale track. See pennsylvania for the full statutory framework.
C0. Identity
- County seat: Pittsburgh
- Population: ~1,250,578 (2020 census)
- Recording unit type: county
- Parent legal framework: pennsylvania (MCTLA — 53 P.S. §§ 7101–7505)
- Classification: Second-class county — MCTLA governs tax collection and sale; distinct from the RETSL used by third-through-eighth-class counties.
- Key quirk: Three overlapping sale tracks exist: (1) Allegheny County Sheriff’s Sale (county + municipality + school district delinquent taxes via MCTLA); (2) City of Pittsburgh Treasurer’s Sale (Pittsburgh city + school district taxes, conducted under Act 171 of 1984, 53 P.S. §§ 26311–26330, a separate second-class city statute); and (3) standard mortgage-foreclosure sheriff’s sale (Pa.R.C.P. 1141–1150). Source: pennsylvania, pittsburghlegaljournal.org (fetched 2026-06-02), legis.state.pa.us Act 171 (fetched 2026-06-02).
C1. Local Tax Sale
Track A — Allegheny County Sheriff’s Sale (MCTLA)
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Conducts own sale? Yes — the Allegheny County Sheriff conducts all MCTLA tax and mortgage-foreclosure sales. The county’s Tax Claim Bureau model (used by RETSL counties) does not exist here; Jordan Tax Service handles delinquent tax collection for prior years on behalf of municipalities and school districts, and the municipality or school district then petitions for a municipal-claim judgment leading to a sheriff’s sale. Source: alleghenycountytreasurer.us (fetched 2026-06-02); sheriffalleghenycounty.com/real-estate/ (fetched 2026-06-02).
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Platform / format: Virtual — Microsoft Teams. By court order (AD 20-140, filed August 2020 by the Court of Common Pleas of Allegheny County), all sheriff sales of real estate are conducted via Microsoft Teams video conference. A public livestream is also provided. In-person attendance is available for up to 25 persons in the Gold Room, 4th Floor, Allegheny County Courthouse. Source: sheriffalleghenycounty.com/virtual-sheriffs-sale/ (fetched 2026-06-02); court order AD20-140 available at sheriffalleghenycounty.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/AD20-140-VIRTUAL-SALE-CO.pdf.
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Sale calendar: Monthly — first Monday of each month (moved to Tuesday if Monday is a holiday). Sales have been held monthly through at least mid-2026. Source: sheriffalleghenycounty.com/real-estate-faq/ (fetched 2026-06-02).
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Advertising: Published in the New Pittsburgh Courier (final three Wednesdays before sale) and the Pittsburgh Legal Journal (final three Fridays before sale). Source: sheriffalleghenycounty.com/real-estate-faq/ (fetched 2026-06-02).
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Registration requirements:
- Bidders must register at least 7 days before the sale date via the Sheriff’s website (sheriffalleghenycounty.com).
- All fields on the Bidder Registration form must be completed.
- Participants must provide a copy of a valid state ID or Driver’s License by email to obtain a bidder number.
- Allow five business days for bidder number confirmation (virtual page states five; FAQ also notes two — use five as the conservative requirement).
- Source: sheriffalleghenycounty.com/sheriffs-sales/ (fetched 2026-06-02); sheriffalleghenycounty.com/virtual-sheriffs-sale/ (fetched 2026-06-02).
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Filing deposit (for creditors filing for sale): $2,000.00 per property. Filing deadline: submissions accepted until 2:00 PM daily; 11:00 AM on the designated “last day to file” (no exceptions). Non-filing days: last business day of each month; Thursday/Friday after each last-day-to-file period; days when the Treasurer’s Office is closed. Source: sheriffalleghenycounty.com/last-day-to-file/ (fetched 2026-06-02).
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Bidder deposit: Successful bidders must pay at least 10% of their bid in cash or money order the day immediately following the sale. Failure to pay the 10% results in forfeiture and a ban from future sales. Source: sheriffalleghenycounty.com/bidders/ (fetched 2026-06-02).
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Balance due: Remaining balance due by 10:00 AM on the Monday immediately following the sale (Tuesday if Monday is a holiday), payable by cashier’s check or money order made payable to the Department of Real Estate (no personal checks, no cash for the balance). An additional $200 deed recording fee is due with the balance. Source: sheriffalleghenycounty.com/bidders/ (fetched 2026-06-02).
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Starting bid: Typically equals the combined judgment, advertising costs, outstanding taxes, and court fees. Source: sheriffalleghenycounty.com/real-estate-faq/ (fetched 2026-06-02).
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Deed issuance: Sheriff’s deed issued 30 days after receipt of full payment. Source: sheriffalleghenycounty.com/real-estate/ (fetched 2026-06-02).
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Delinquent-tax collection chain: The Allegheny County Treasurer collects current-year taxes; delinquent/prior-year taxes are referred to Jordan Tax Service (phone: 412-835-5243) for collection on behalf of municipalities and school districts. Failure to pay delinquent taxes “may lead to a Sheriff Sale.” Source: alleghenycountytreasurer.us/real-estate-tax/ (fetched 2026-06-02).
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Delinquent list location: Sale lists are published on the sheriff’s website and in newspapers. Current listing available at sheriffalleghenycounty.com/sheriffs-sales/ (PDF linked per sale). Source: sheriffalleghenycounty.com/sheriffs-sales/ (fetched 2026-06-02).
Track B — City of Pittsburgh Treasurer’s Sale (Act 171 of 1984)
- Pittsburgh city properties (for delinquent city + school + county taxes) may alternatively be sold by the City Treasurer under the Second Class City Treasurer’s Sale and Collection Act, Act 171 of 1984, 53 P.S. §§ 26311–26330.
- Sales have been held at City Council Chambers, City-County Building, 5th Floor, Pittsburgh, PA. Recent example: July 18, 2025, 10:00 A.M.
- Redemption under Act 171: 90 days from the date of the treasurer’s sale (not from deed acknowledgment) to redeem by paying all claims, costs, and an additional 15% of the purchase price to the third-party purchaser.
- Surplus under Act 171: Excess over claims and costs is held for the former owner, heirs, or recorded lienholders; unclaimed surplus escheats to the agency fund after 2 years.
- City Treasurer contact: Jennifer Gula, Office of the City Treasurer, City-County Building, Pittsburgh, PA 15219 · (412) 255-2525.
- Source: pittsburghlegaljournal.org/subscribe/pn_tsale.php (fetched 2026-06-02); legis.state.pa.us Act 171 (fetched 2026-06-02).
C2. Local Redemption → framework: right-of-redemption
MCTLA (County Sheriff’s Sale) — 9-Month Redemption
- Post-sale redemption period: 9 months running from the date of acknowledgment of the sheriff’s deed. — 53 P.S. § 7293(a); pennsylvania Module 2.
- Who may redeem: The property owner, owner’s assignees, or any party whose lien or estate was discharged by the sale. — 53 P.S. § 7293(a).
- Redemption price: Purchaser’s bid price + 10% interest + all taxes and costs paid by the purchaser (with 10% interest) minus any rental income the purchaser received from the property. — 53 P.S. § 7293.
- Where to redeem: Contact the Allegheny County Sheriff’s Office Real Estate Division: 436 Grant Street, Room 111, Pittsburgh, PA 15219 · (412) 350-4739.
- Vacant-property exception: No redemption for vacant property. Property is deemed vacant unless continuously occupied as a residence for at least 90 days prior to the sale and still so occupied on the date of sheriff’s deed acknowledgment. — 53 P.S. § 7293(c); brentwood-borough-sd-v-hsbc.
- Mortgage foreclosure sales: No post-sale redemption right — once the sheriff’s deed is acknowledged/delivered, the mortgagor’s interest is extinguished. — pennsylvania Module 4.
- Local contact for redemption inquiries: Sheriff’s Office Mortgage Foreclosure Hotline: (412) 350-4704, Mon–Fri 9–11 AM and 1–3 PM. Source: sheriffsales.triblive.com (fetched 2026-06-02).
City of Pittsburgh Treasurer’s Sale — 90-Day Redemption
- Period: 90 days from the date of the treasurer’s sale (not deed date).
- Amount: Full claims + costs + 15% of purchase price to divested purchaser.
- Source: legis.state.pa.us Act 171 §§ (fetched 2026-06-02); rosenbergmartin.com (fetched 2026-06-02).
C3. Local Surplus / Excess Proceeds → framework: surplus-funds
MCTLA Sheriff’s Sale Surplus
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Claim filing venue: Claims to proceeds must be filed with the Office of the Sheriff before distribution. The Sheriff files a schedule of distribution with the Prothonotary (now the Department of Court Records) not later than 30 days after the sale, per Pa.R.C.P. 3136. Parties may file exceptions within 10 days of the schedule’s filing; the court resolves contested distributions. Source: Pa.R.C.P. 3136 (fetched via pacodeandbulletin.gov 2026-06-02); sheriffalleghenycounty.com/real-estate-faq/ (fetched 2026-06-02).
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Primary contact for surplus/unclaimed monies:
- Office: Allegheny County Sheriff’s Office — Real Estate Division
- Address: 436 Grant Street, Room 111, Pittsburgh, PA 15219
- Phone: (412) 350-4728 (unclaimed monies line)
- Source: sheriffalleghenycounty.com/unclaimed-monies/ (fetched 2026-06-02).
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Unclaimed list published: Yes — the Sheriff’s Office maintains and publishes an ongoing unclaimed-monies list on sheriffalleghenycounty.com/unclaimed-monies/, updated regularly (most recent update noted April 2026). The list includes docket numbers, payee names, and amounts ranging from under $10 to over$139,000.
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Escheat: “Failure to contact the Sheriff’s Office promptly may result in monies being escheated to the State Treasury Office.” No specific statutory deadline is stated on the sheriff’s page; the PA Disposition of Abandoned and Unclaimed Property Act governs once funds reach the Treasury. Unclaimed monies already transferred to the Commonwealth are marked with an asterisk (*) on the list. Source: sheriffalleghenycounty.com/unclaimed-monies/ (fetched 2026-06-02).
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Claim form:
needs_verification— the sheriff’s page directs claimants to call 412-350-4728; no specific form name or downloadable form URL was identified on the page as retrieved. Required documents beyond phone contact not publicly specified. -
Tyler v. Hennepin compliance: MCTLA distributes proceeds to lienholders and then returns surplus to the former owner — structurally compliant. However, the escheat-to-Treasury pathway is the potential risk; see pennsylvania Module 11 open question on § 205(f) and the MCTLA analog.
City of Pittsburgh Act 171 Surplus
- Surplus held for former owner/heirs/lienholders; escheats to city agency fund after 2 years if unclaimed. Source: legis.state.pa.us Act 171 (fetched 2026-06-02).
▸ For Investors / Operators — Allegheny County operates under the MCTLA (53 P.S. §§ 7101–7505), not the RETSL used by PA’s other 65 counties — there is no Tax Claim Bureau, no upset-sale/repository chain, and no undivested-lien trap from prior-year sales. All delinquent-tax and mortgage-foreclosure sales are monthly sheriff’s sales conducted virtually via Microsoft Teams (in-person cap of 25, Gold Room, Courthouse). Bidders must register at least 7 days before the sale; pay 10% in cash or money order the following day; and pay the balance by Monday 10:00 a.m. by cashier’s check plus a $200 deed-recording fee. A 9-month post-sale redemption right runs from deed acknowledgment for owner-occupied residential property (no redemption for vacant property). City of Pittsburgh properties may be subject to a separate Act 171 Treasurer’s Sale with a 90-day redemption and 2-year surplus-escheat timeline. See pennsylvania for the full MCTLA/mortgage-foreclosure framework.
▸ For Former Owners — MCTLA surplus is distributed per a Pa.R.C.P. 3136 schedule of distribution filed by the Sheriff with the Department of Court Records within 30 days of the sale; exceptions must be filed within 10 days. To inquire about unclaimed surplus, call the Allegheny County Sheriff’s Office unclaimed-monies line at (412) 350-4728; the Sheriff publishes an ongoing unclaimed-monies list at sheriffalleghenycounty.com/unclaimed-monies/. Contact promptly: funds not claimed are escheated to the PA State Treasury under the Disposition of Abandoned and Unclaimed Property Act. For City of Pittsburgh Act 171 surplus, contact City Treasurer Jennifer Gula at (412) 255-2525; unclaimed Act 171 surplus escheats to the city agency fund after 2 years.
C4. Offices & Contacts
| Office | Name | Address | Phone | URL |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Treasurer (current-year taxes) | Erica Rocchi Brusselars | Room 108, Allegheny County Courthouse, 436 Grant Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15219 | 412-350-4100 | alleghenycountytreasurer.us |
| Sheriff (tax + mortgage sales) | Kevin M. Kraus (re-elected Nov. 2025) | 436 Grant Street, Room 111, Pittsburgh, PA 15219 | 412-350-4700 · Real Estate: 412-350-4739 · Surplus: 412-350-4728 | sheriffalleghenycounty.com |
| Department of Real Estate / Recorder of Deeds | Jessica Garofolo (Director & Recorder) | County Office Building, 542 Forbes Ave, Room 101, Pittsburgh, PA 15219 | 412-350-4226 | allegheny.pa.publicsearch.us |
| Department of Court Records (formerly Prothonotary) | needs_verification — name not retrieved | City-County Building, 7th & 8th Floors, 414 Grant Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15219 (Civil Division) | 412-350-5400 (Civil) | dcr.alleghenycounty.us |
| City of Pittsburgh Treasurer (Act 171 sales) | Jennifer Gula | City-County Building, Pittsburgh, PA 15219 | 412-255-2525 | pittsburghpa.gov |
| Jordan Tax Service (delinquent tax collection) | — | — | 412-835-5243 | jordantax.com |
Sources: alleghenycountytreasurer.us (fetched 2026-06-02); sheriffalleghenycounty.com (fetched 2026-06-02); pa_allegheny.uslandrecords.com (fetched 2026-06-02); alleghenycourts.us (fetched 2026-06-02); pittsburghlegaljournal.org (fetched 2026-06-02).
C5. Local Procedure Notes
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Three distinct sale tracks exist within Allegheny County: MCTLA sheriff’s sale (county), Act 171 City of Pittsburgh Treasurer’s Sale (City of Pittsburgh properties only), and standard mortgage-foreclosure sheriff’s sale. Investors and practitioners must identify which track applies to a given property.
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No Tax Claim Bureau. Unlike the 65 RETSL counties, Allegheny County has no Tax Claim Bureau, no upset-sale/judicial-sale/repository-sale chain, and no “undivested lien” trap from upset sales. A sheriff’s deed under MCTLA passes clear of the municipal claim/tax lien that drove the sale.
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Virtual sales since August 2020. All sheriff’s sales are via Microsoft Teams under court order AD20-140. In-person option (Gold Room, 4th floor, Courthouse) is capped at 25 persons. Bidders must register at least 7 days before and wait up to 5 business days for a bidder number.
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Payment structure: 10% cash/money order day after sale; balance by Monday 10 AM (following week) in cashier’s check/money order; $200 deed recording fee with balance. No personal checks accepted for the balance.
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Mortgage Foreclosure Diversion Program (“Save Your Home”): An active court-supervised conciliation program exists for owner-occupied residential properties (1–4 units) filed in Allegheny County Civil Court. When served, a homeowner receives an “Urgent Notice” directing them to the Save Your Home Hotline: 1-866-298-8020. Judge Nicola Henry-Taylor presides over conciliation conferences and can stay proceedings while loan-modification negotiations proceed. Non-residential and commercial properties are ineligible. Source: alleghenycourts.us/civil/about/mortgage-foreclosure-program/ (fetched 2026-06-02).
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Transfer taxes: Real estate transfer taxes (state, local, school) are deducted by the Sheriff from sale proceeds under Act 77 of 1986 (§ 14). Source: pacodeandbulletin.gov/Pa.R.C.P. 3136 context (fetched 2026-06-02).
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Postponements: A sale can be postponed for up to 130 days without court approval; postponed sales retain the original sale date/number. Source: sheriffalleghenycounty.com/real-estate-faq/ (fetched 2026-06-02).
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What stops a sale: Stayed writ, court order, bankruptcy filing, or full payment of amounts owed. Source: sheriffalleghenycounty.com/real-estate-faq/ (fetched 2026-06-02); bankruptcy-automatic-stay.
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Bidder due-diligence note: The Sheriff’s Office provides no walk-throughs or keys; bidders are directed to the Allegheny County Real Estate portal for property images. The office strongly recommends independent title searches through the Register of Wills, Prothonotary (now DCR), and Recorder of Deeds. Source: sheriffalleghenycounty.com/bidders/ (fetched 2026-06-02).
C6. Records Access
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Parcel search / property assessment portal: https://realestate.alleghenycounty.us/search — Search by address or parcel number; returns assessment, tax info, owner history, building data, images, appeals, and comparable data. Includes e-pay link. Source: realestate.alleghenycounty.us (fetched 2026-06-02).
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Recorder / deed search: https://allegheny.pa.publicsearch.us/ — Official Allegheny County Department of Real Estate deed search; free index search for documents 1986–present; imaged records from 1976+; grantor/grantee/document-type search; also at https://pa_allegheny.uslandrecords.com/palr/ (US Land Records / Avenu platform). Historical records (1792–1857) at https://pa_allegheny.uslandrecords.com/palr_free/. Source: pa_allegheny.uslandrecords.com (fetched 2026-06-02); allegheny.pa.publicsearch.us (fetched 2026-06-02).
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GIS / parcel map: https://alcogis.maps.arcgis.com/apps/webappviewer/index.html?id=b4b1dbb65b4943538425bb5ae0f8f62b (ArcGIS Web App Viewer — county property/parcel map). Also: https://openac-alcogis.opendata.arcgis.com/ (GIS open data portal). Source: alleghenycounty.us GIS department page (search-verified 2026-06-02).
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Tax payment portal: https://alleghenycountytreasurer.us/real-estate-tax/e-billing/ — Online payments via FORTE (e-check free; Visa debit and credit cards with service fee). Also accessible through realestate.alleghenycounty.us e-pay function. Source: alleghenycountytreasurer.us (fetched 2026-06-02).
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Sheriff’s sale listings: https://sheriffalleghenycounty.com/sheriffs-sales/ — Current and upcoming sale lists (PDF per sale); unclaimed monies list at https://sheriffalleghenycounty.com/unclaimed-monies/.
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Court records / DCR: https://dcr.alleghenycounty.us/ — Allegheny County Department of Court Records (Civil/Family, Wills/Orphans’ Court, Criminal); formerly the Prothonotary; civil email: civil@alleghenycounty.us.
C7. Meta
Sources retrieved
needs_verification
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Claim form for sheriff’s sale surplus — the sheriff’s unclaimed-monies page directs claimants to call (412) 350-4728 but does not name a specific form or publish a downloadable form URL. Required documentation (beyond a phone call) not stated publicly.
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Department of Court Records head / prothonotary name — the DCR website did not display the current department director’s name in the pages retrieved.
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Court order AD20-140 full text — the PDF at sheriffalleghenycounty.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/AD20-140-VIRTUAL-SALE-CO.pdf was retrieved but binary-encoded; the court’s case number, judge’s name, and exact operative language were not extractable by tool. Content described in secondary/sheriff sources.
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MCTLA surplus escheat deadline — the sheriff’s page says “contact promptly” to avoid escheat to the State Treasury; the specific PA unclaimed- property dormancy period triggering escheat (typically 3–5 years under the Disposition of Abandoned and Unclaimed Property Act) was not confirmed from a directly retrieved primary source for sheriff-sale surplus specifically.
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Jordan Tax Service’s exact role in MCTLA filing chain — the mechanism by which Jordan Tax Service’s delinquent-tax collection activity triggers an MCTLA municipal-claim petition and subsequent sheriff’s sale was described in secondary sources but not confirmed by a retrieved primary source (MCTLA statute or county ordinance).
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Rate within statutory range for delinquent interest — whether Allegheny County / local municipalities charge a specific rate within the MCTLA statutory band was not retrieved from an official source.
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Current DCR (Prothonotary) officeholder name — not retrieved from the DCR website during this research session.
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Unclaimed surplus claim process for Act 171 Pittsburgh Treasurer’s Sale — the specific office and process for claiming surplus from City of Pittsburgh Treasurer’s sales was not confirmed from a directly retrieved official city page.
gap_score computation
| Row | Deficiency | Count | Points each | Subtotal |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2 | needs_verification flags (8 items) | 8 | 1 | 8 |
| 6 | Required topic_tag with 0 verified cases (sale_procedure, redemption, surplus, due_process each need ≥1 verified case; parent page carries cases but county page has none) | 0 | — | 0 |
| 7 | Broken wiki-links | 2 (assuming surplus-funds, right-of-redemption, pennsylvania, brentwood-borough-sd-v-hsbc, bankruptcy-automatic-stay, tyler-v-hennepin-county all exist on parent) | 2 | 4 |
Note: surplus-funds and right-of-redemption are referenced but their existence as wiki pages is
needs_verification. Counted as 2 potentially broken links = +4. Total gap_score = 8 + 4 = 12 (all from rows 2 and 7, not rows 3–5).
cross_links
pennsylvania, right-of-redemption, surplus-funds, brentwood-borough-sd-v-hsbc, tyler-v-hennepin-county, bankruptcy-automatic-stay, sheriff-sale, due-process-notice, vacant-property-no-redemption, third-party-recovery-rules
changelog
- 2026-06-02 — Initial population (autoresearch wave 1). All primary sources directly fetched from sheriffalleghenycounty.com, alleghenycountytreasurer.us, allegheny.pa.publicsearch.us, realestate.alleghenycounty.us, alleghenycourts.us, legis.state.pa.us (Act 171), and pacodeandbulletin.gov (Pa.R.C.P. 3136). Allegheny County main domain (alleghenycounty.us) returned HTTP 403 and was not retrievable directly; sub-portals and the sheriff’s standalone domain were successfully fetched. Virtual-sale court order PDF (AD20-140) binary-only; content described from secondary sources and sheriff’s website narrative.
▸ For Investors / Operators — Allegheny County operates under the MCTLA (53 P.S. §§ 7101–7505), not the RETSL used by PA’s other 65 counties — there is no Tax Claim Bureau, no upset-sale/repository chain, and no undivested-lien trap from prior-year sales. All delinquent-tax and mortgage-foreclosure sales are monthly sheriff’s sales conducted virtually via Microsoft Teams (in-person cap of 25, Gold Room, Courthouse). Bidders must register at least 7 days before the sale; pay 10% in cash or money order the following day; and pay the balance by Monday 10:00 a.m. by cashier’s check plus a $200 deed-recording fee. A 9-month post-sale redemption right runs from deed acknowledgment for owner-occupied residential property (no redemption for vacant property). City of Pittsburgh properties may be subject to a separate Act 171 Treasurer’s Sale with a 90-day redemption and 2-year surplus-escheat timeline. See pennsylvania for the full MCTLA/mortgage-foreclosure framework.
▸ For Former Owners — MCTLA surplus is distributed per a Pa.R.C.P. 3136 schedule of distribution filed by the Sheriff with the Department of Court Records within 30 days of the sale; exceptions must be filed within 10 days. To inquire about unclaimed surplus, call the Allegheny County Sheriff’s Office unclaimed-monies line at (412) 350-4728; the Sheriff publishes an ongoing unclaimed-monies list at sheriffalleghenycounty.com/unclaimed-monies/. Contact promptly: funds not claimed are escheated to the PA State Treasury under the Disposition of Abandoned and Unclaimed Property Act. For City of Pittsburgh Act 171 surplus, contact City Treasurer Jennifer Gula at (412) 255-2525; unclaimed Act 171 surplus escheats to the city agency fund after 2 years.
Legal information, not legal advice. This page summarizes Allegheny County, Pennsylvania tax and mortgage foreclosure procedure from primary sources as of the last_verified date. Allegheny County operates under the MCTLA (53 P.S. §§ 7101–7505), not the RETSL used by other PA counties — the systems are meaningfully different. City of Pittsburgh properties may be subject to a separate Act 171 sale track. Verify against the cited statutes, current Pennsylvania Rules of Civil Procedure, and counsel before acting. Last verified: 2026-06-02.