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Harford County, MD

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Harford County, Maryland — Tax Sale & Surplus Procedure

Local operations layer. The legal framework (redemption periods, surplus rights, statutes, case law) lives on the parent page → maryland. This page covers how Harford County actually runs it. Legal information, not legal advice. Last verified: 2026-06-02.

C0. Identity

  • County seat: Bel Air, MD 21014
  • Population: ~263,757
  • Recording unit type: County
  • FIPS: 24025
  • Parent legal framework: maryland

Harford County sits northeast of Baltimore along the I-95 corridor. The tax sale is run by the county Department of the Treasury, Bureau of Revenue Collections, which functions as the Collector for purposes of Md. Tax-Property Title 14. As in all of Maryland, there is no separate Recorder of Deeds; land records (deeds, mortgages, liens) are filed with the Clerk of the Circuit Court for Harford County, Land Records Department. — source: Harford County Treasury, 2026 Terms of Sale (PDF) (retrieved 2026-06-02)

C1. Local Tax Sale

  • Conducts own sale? Yes. Harford County conducts its own annual tax lien certificate sale through the Department of the Treasury, Bureau of Revenue Collections. — source: 2026 Terms of Sale (PDF) (retrieved 2026-06-02)

  • Platform: Online auction via RealAuction (RealTaxLien platform), vendor-hosted at https://harford.marylandtaxsale.com/ (also reachable at harfordcountymd.realtaxlien.com). Vendor confirmed by inspecting the platform page HTML source (page title: “Harford - RealTaxLien - Home”; repeated “Realauction” branding in the markup), and the platform URL is stated verbatim in the county’s official 2026 Terms of Sale. — source: 2026 Terms of Sale (PDF); RealTaxLien platform (HTML inspected, retrieved 2026-06-02)

  • Sale calendar:

    • Frequency: Annual.
    • 2026 sale date: June 3, 2026 (online public auction). Payment is deducted from the bidder’s bank account by the close of business the day of the sale.
    • (Note: the county’s older “About Tax Sale” FAQ page still states the sale is held “the 3rd Monday in June each year,” but the authoritative 2026 Terms of Sale set the 2026 date as June 3, 2026. The Maryland DAT statewide schedule also lists Harford on June 3. Treat the dated Terms of Sale as controlling each year.) — source: 2026 Terms of Sale (PDF); DAT Tax Sale Schedule; About Tax Sale FAQ (all retrieved 2026-06-02)

  • Registration:

    • Online registration only at https://harford.marylandtaxsale.com/.
    • 2026 registration window: May 4, 2026 – May 25, 2026 by noon. Late registrations are not accepted.
    • $100 nonrefundable registration fee required to obtain a bidder number.
    • One bidder number per legal entity.
    • Bidders must provide their Social Security or tax identification number (the county issues an IRS Form 1099 for earnings).
    • Entity bidders (corporations, partnerships, LLCs, LLPs, trusts, estates) must register in their full corporate name, provide evidence of good standing in their state of incorporation, and provide the resident agent’s name/address and the street address of their principal place of business; agents must provide evidence of authority to bind the principal if requested. — source: 2026 Terms of Sale (PDF) (retrieved 2026-06-02)

  • Deposit / payment: Payment of the full amount due (all taxes and other outstanding charges, interest, penalties, expenses) is required on the day of the tax sale and is debited from the bidder’s bank account (ACH) by close of business that day; if the payment cannot be processed, the sale is voided. The residue of the purchase price (the difference between the bid and the day-of-sale amount) “remains on credit” under TP § 14-818 and is paid only upon foreclosure. — source: 2026 Terms of Sale (PDF)

  • High-bid premium: None. The 2026 Terms of Sale state expressly: “Harford County does not have a bid premium.” (This is a local deviation — Harford does not collect the TP § 14-817(b) high-bid premium that many Maryland jurisdictions impose.) — source: 2026 Terms of Sale (PDF)

  • Bid cap: A bid may be no more than three (3) times the assessed value of the property or the open charges, whichever is higher. Bidding begins at the amount of taxes/charges due; no property sells for less than that amount. — source: 2026 Terms of Sale (PDF)

  • Auctioneer fee: A $10.00 auctioneer fee is added to every property sold, payable by the winning bidder. — source: 2026 Terms of Sale (PDF)

  • Properties with no bidder: Sold to Harford County (struck off to the county). — source: 2026 Terms of Sale (PDF)

  • Delinquent / advertised list location: The FY26 Tax Sale Advertised Properties list is published on the county Tax Sale page (https://www.harfordcountymd.gov/3350/Tax-sale); the May 2026 advertisement was posted as the Tax Sale Ad PDF (https://www.harfordcountymd.gov/DocumentCenter/View/31597/Tax-Sale-Ad-52026-PDF). Properties are also advertised in a county newspaper before the sale per TP § 14-812. — source: Harford County Tax Sale page (retrieved 2026-06-02)

C2. Local Redemption → framework: right-of-redemption

  • Local redemption interest rate: 10% per annum, set in the 2026 Terms of Sale (“Harford County’s annum rate of interest is ten (10) %”). This is a reduction from the prior 12% rate (still shown on the older “About Tax Sale” FAQ and on third-party data sites), consistent with Maryland’s 2025 reform (HB 59 / Ch. 231) trend; the 2026 Terms state a single 10% rate and do not publish a separate owner-occupied vs. general rate. See maryland Module 9 (heirs-property / HB 59). — source: 2026 Terms of Sale (PDF); About Tax Sale FAQ (12% legacy rate, retrieved 2026-06-02)

  • Where to redeem: All redemptions must be processed through the Department of the Treasury / Collector. No monies may be solicited or accepted by the buyer, agent, or attorney pertaining to redemption. To begin, the redeeming party submits a Tax Sale Redemption Request Form by email to taxsale@harfordcountymd.gov; the county supplies the redemption amount by email (allow 2–3 business days). — source: 2026 Terms of Sale (PDF); Tax Sale Redemption Request Form (PDF) (retrieved 2026-06-02)

  • Redemption form: Tax Sale Redemption Request Form — https://www.harfordcountymd.gov/DocumentCenter/View/27930/Tax-Sale-Redemption-Request-Form. Completed form is emailed to taxsale@harfordcountymd.gov. The form captures the Tax Sale Year, Property Tax ID, owner, requestor and affiliation (homeowner / mortgage company / title company / other), and contact details. — source: Tax Sale Redemption Request Form (PDF) (retrieved 2026-06-02)

  • Redemption payment rules (local):

    • Certified funds only.
    • No postmarks honored — payment must physically be in the county’s office no later than the requested redemption date.
    • A Tax Clearance Letter is required if the property is within the town limits of Aberdeen, Bel Air, or Havre de Grace.
    • The full current-year property tax bill must be paid along with the redemption amount and any other outstanding balances owed to Harford County (to record a deed or redeem, all subsequent governmental charges — including water/sewer and special benefit charges — must be brought current).
    • Attorney-fee “good-through” date: the county cannot quote a redemption amount past the attorney-fee good-through date (typically ~7 days); a new request form must be submitted within 7 days of the redemption date for a later figure. — source: Tax Sale Redemption Request Form (PDF); 2026 Terms of Sale (PDF)

  • Lien-certificate fee: The first 3 redemption requests on a property do not require a lien certificate; beyond 3 requests on the same property, a $50 lien certificate is necessary. — source: Harford County Tax Sale page (retrieved 2026-06-02)

  • Certificate-holder fee timing: The certificate holder is not entitled to reimbursement of fees/expenses incurred in the first 4 months after the sale (consistent with TP § 14-843). Itemized expense statements under TP §§ 14-833/14-843 must be submitted under affidavit to the Treasurer to be collected at redemption. — source: 2026 Terms of Sale (PDF)

  • Redemption period milestones: Certificate is valid 2 years and expires if no complaint to foreclose is filed within that time (TP § 14-833(c)); certificate holder may begin a foreclosure of the right of redemption after the state-law waiting period (6 months general / 9 months owner-occupied — see maryland Module 2). Certificates are available to purchasers within 4 months of the sale. — source: 2026 Terms of Sale (PDF); maryland

  • Redemption contact: Department of the Treasury, Bureau of Revenue Collections · (410) 638-3269 · taxsale@harfordcountymd.gov · 220 S. Main Street, Bel Air, MD 21014. — source: 2026 Terms of Sale (PDF); Harford County Treasury

  • Deviations from state default: No high-bid premium (vs. the TP § 14-817(b) premium charged by many MD counties); bid cap of 3× assessed value; $10 auctioneer fee; $50 lien-certificate fee after 3 redemption requests; Tax Clearance Letter requirement for the three incorporated towns. The general statutory framework (2-year certificate life, 6/9-month foreclosure wait, redemption through the collector) follows Maryland state law. — source: 2026 Terms of Sale (PDF)

C3. Local Surplus / Excess Proceeds → framework: surplus-funds

  • Where surplus arises: Under TP § 14-818, when a certificate holder ultimately takes a foreclosure deed and pays the residue of the bid (the balance left “on credit”), any amount of that purchase price exceeding the taxes, interest, penalties, and costs of sale is a balance held by the Collector for the former owner. The Collector must notify the prior owner of record within 90 days of deed delivery of the balance amount and the claim process (TP § 14-818(a)(6)). Note that because Harford collects only the taxes/charges day-of-sale and leaves the residue on credit, the surplus is realized at the foreclosure-deed stage, not at the auction. See maryland Module 3. — source: 2026 Terms of Sale (PDF); TP § 14-818

  • Claim filing venue: Surplus-balance claims are handled by the Harford County Department of the Treasury, Bureau of Revenue Collections, 220 S. Main Street, Bel Air, MD 21014 · (410) 638-3269 · taxsale@harfordcountymd.gov. TP § 14-818(a)(5) authorizes the county to operate a claim process that does not require a court order unless the claim is disputed; disputed claims go to the Circuit Court for Harford County. — source: 2026 Terms of Sale (PDF); TP § 14-818

  • Claim form: (needs_verification — no named, dedicated tax-sale surplus/excess- proceeds claim form or standalone surplus-claim portal for Harford County was identified in any official source retrieved. The county’s “Settlement Request for Final Bill” form and the “Tax Sale Redemption Request Form” serve other purposes (real-estate closing payoff and redemption, respectively). Contact the Bureau of Revenue Collections at (410) 638-3269 / taxsale@harfordcountymd.gov for the current surplus-claim procedure and any required form.)

  • Local deadline notes: TP § 14-818 contains no express claim deadline. By Maryland general practice, unclaimed county funds (uncashed balance checks) are reported to the Maryland Comptroller’s Unclaimed Property unit after the standard ~3-year dormancy period and remain reclaimable from the State indefinitely thereafter at https://www.claimitmd.gov/. (needs_verification — Harford County does not publish a county-specific tax-sale-surplus dormancy/escheat schedule on any retrieved page; the dormancy path is the statewide default per maryland Module 3.) — source: maryland Module 3

  • Unclaimed-surplus list published? (needs_verification — no standalone Harford County list of unclaimed tax-sale surplus balances was found in any official source retrieved. The county publishes annual Tax Sale Results PDFs (e.g., 2025 results) but these list certificate holders and bid amounts, not unclaimed owner balances.)

  • Contact for surplus claims: Bureau of Revenue Collections · (410) 638-3269 · taxsale@harfordcountymd.gov · 220 S. Main Street, Bel Air, MD 21014. — source: Harford County Treasury

▸ For Investors / Operators — Harford runs a RealAuction online certificate sale with no bid premium and a 3× assessed-value bid cap, paid same-day by ACH with the residue left on credit until foreclosure; the redemption rate is 10%. Before committing capital, weigh the open-ended redemption risk and 2-year certificate void date (see maryland §2/§2b), the marketable-title path (the TP § 14-844 foreclosure judgment vests “absolute and indefeasible” title but title insurers commonly require quiet title or seasoning; Maryland has no Marketable Title Act — maryland §5b), and which liens survive (IRS § 7425 120-day redemption, unjoined record parties, and the long list of Harford special assessments/municipal charges that must be brought current to deed — maryland §7b).

▸ For Former Owners — When a Harford tax sale and subsequent foreclosure produce more than the taxes, interest, penalties, and costs, the balance belongs to the former owner of record; TP § 14-818 directs the Collector to hold it and notify the prior owner within 90 days after delivering the deed. The claim is made through the Bureau of Revenue Collections (no court order unless disputed), and unclaimed funds are later reportable to the Maryland Comptroller’s Unclaimed Property unit, where they remain reclaimable. To redeem before that stage, submit the Tax Sale Redemption Request Form to taxsale@harfordcountymd.gov.

C4. Offices & Contacts

OfficeNameAddressPhoneURL
Department of the Treasury (Collector / Bureau of Revenue Collections)Robert F. Sandlass, Jr. (Treasurer); Rick Pernas (Deputy)220 S. Main Street, Bel Air, MD 21014(410) 638-3269 (Revenue Collections / tax sale); (410) 638-3314 (Treasury main); liens/recordings x1324https://www.harfordcountymd.gov/644/Treasury
Clerk of Circuit Court / Land RecordsMichelle L. Karczeski (Clerk)Courthouse, 20 W. Courtland Street, Bel Air, MD 21014 (Land Records counter)(410) 638-3474 (Land Records); fax (410) 879-6449https://www.courts.state.md.us/clerks/harford/landrecords
Recorder / Register of Deeds(No separate office in Maryland — land records filed with the Clerk of the Circuit Court, above)———
SheriffJeffrey R. Gahler45 S. Main Street, Bel Air, MD 21014(410) 838-6600https://harfordsheriff.org/

Notes on offices:

  • In Maryland there is no separate Recorder of Deeds. Land records (deeds, mortgages, liens) are filed with the Clerk of the Circuit Court for Harford County, Land Records Department, 20 W. Courtland Street, Bel Air. See maryland Module 0. — source: Maryland Courts — Harford Land Records (retrieved 2026-06-02)
  • The Sheriff does not conduct tax sales or mortgage foreclosure sales in Maryland. Tax sales are conducted by the county Collector (Treasury); mortgage foreclosures are conducted by a trustee and ratified by the Circuit Court. The Sheriff handles civil process, evictions, and court security. See maryland Modules 0 and 4. — source: Harford County Sheriff’s Office (retrieved 2026-06-02)

C5. Local Procedure Notes

  • Online auction via RealAuction: All bids are submitted through harford.marylandtaxsale.com (RealTaxLien). The auction proceeds in sets/batches until all properties are sold. Successful bids are conditionally accepted pending same-day ACH payment. — source: 2026 Terms of Sale (PDF)

  • No bid premium / 3× bid cap: Harford is a notable Maryland outlier — it does not charge the high-bid premium common elsewhere, and it caps bids at three times the assessed value (or open charges, whichever is higher), curbing speculative over-bidding directly rather than through a premium. — source: 2026 Terms of Sale (PDF)

  • Broad “taxes” definition / municipal & special-district charges: The Terms of Sale define “taxes” to sweep in a long list of special assessments and municipal charges — e.g., annual water/sewer assessments, storm water/pond repair, Whiteford/Cardiff sewer, Castle Blaney, Henderson Manor, Birchwood Manor, Landis Circle, Village of Scot’s Fancy road improvements, abandoned-property/vegetation/false-alarm liens, hotel occupancy tax, water/sewer usage and hook-up charges, and Town of Bel Air / City of Aberdeen / City of Havre de Grace charges. The county disclaims liability for municipal sales, which are “solely for the convenience of the municipality.” All such charges accruing after the sale must be brought current to record a deed. — source: 2026 Terms of Sale (PDF)

  • Certificate assignment: The county publishes an annual Assignment of Tax Sale Certificate form (e.g., 2025/2026 versions in its DocumentCenter), consistent with the assignability of certificates under TP § 14-821 (see maryland Module 2b). — source: Harford County Tax Sale page (retrieved 2026-06-02)

  • No monies to buyer for redemption: Buyers/agents/attorneys may not solicit or accept redemption money directly — all redemptions flow through the Collector, which then refunds the bidder per TP §§ 14-833/14-843. — source: 2026 Terms of Sale (PDF)

  • § 14-847 90-day judgment compliance: Failure of the certificate holder to comply with the final judgment terms within 90 days as to payments/funds due may result in the judgment being stricken (TP § 14-847). — source: 2026 Terms of Sale (PDF)

  • Homeowner assistance: Statewide resources apply — Maryland State Tax Sale Ombudsman (DAT) at (410) 767-4994 / (833) 732-8411 / sdat.taxsale@maryland.gov, and the Homeowner Protection Program (withholds qualifying owner-occupied/heir properties from sale). See maryland Module 9. — source: DAT Tax Sale Information

  • No separate sheriff-sale for tax or mortgage foreclosure in Maryland. See maryland Module 4 and sheriff-sale.

C6. Records Access

C8. Title & Quiet Title → framework: maryland §5b

  • Title type: Tax lien certificate (certificate of sale). Title does not pass at the sale; the certificate holder must judicially foreclose the right of redemption in the Circuit Court for Harford County to obtain a deed. See maryland Module 1. — source: 2026 Terms of Sale (PDF); maryland

  • Quiet title required? A separate quiet-title action is not legally required in Maryland — the foreclosure of the right of redemption (TP § 14-833) entered by the Circuit Court for Harford County is itself the judicial title-clearing mechanism, and the TP § 14-844 judgment vests “absolute and indefeasible” fee-simple title. In practice, title insurers may still require a quiet-title action or curative steps where there are notice defects or unjoined parties. See maryland Module 5b. — source: maryland §5b; 2026 Terms of Sale (PDF) (foreclosure governed by TP § 14-833, filed in Circuit Court)

  • Court: Circuit Court for Harford County, 20 W. Courtland Street, Bel Air, MD 21014. Foreclosure of the right of redemption and any quiet-title action are filed here. — source: Maryland Courts — Circuit Court for Harford County (retrieved 2026-06-02)

  • Typical timeline / cost: Per the statewide pattern (see maryland §5b): uncontested foreclosure-of-redemption / quiet-title roughly 3–6 months and attorney fees ~$1,500–$5,000; contested or publication-service matters add time and cost. (needs_verification — no Harford-County-specific filing-fee schedule or local timeline figures were retrieved; figures inherit the Maryland state page’s secondary-source estimates.)

  • Deed seasoning / title insurance: Maryland title insurers commonly seek 2–3 years of seasoning or full proof of TP § 14-833(a-1) notice compliance before underwriting a tax-deed property; insurers writing MD tax-deed risk include Stewart Title and Old Republic on a case-by-case basis. See maryland §5b. (needs_verification — no Harford-specific underwriting bulletin or list of locally active insurers was retrieved; inherits the Maryland state-page practitioner estimates.)

C9. Purchaser Obligations During Redemption → framework: maryland §10b

  • Subsequent-tax / charge payment office: Subsequent taxes and all governmental charges (including water/sewer and special benefit charges) are paid to the Harford County Department of the Treasury, Bureau of Revenue Collections (online portal https://hcgweb01.harfordcountymd.gov/billpay/payments; pay-by-phone 1-844-836-9732; in person/mail at 220 S. Main Street, Bel Air). To record a deed, all such charges accruing after the sale must be brought current as of the date of the deed. — source: 2026 Terms of Sale (PDF); Harford County Treasury

  • Notice-to-owner procedure: The certificate holder must send the two pre- foreclosure notices required by TP § 14-833(a-1) (see maryland §10b) before filing the complaint; the county Collector also independently informs property owners and known interested parties of the bid price to enable an informed redemption decision. Itemized expense statements under TP §§ 14-833/14-843 must be filed under affidavit with the Treasurer to be collectible at redemption. — source: 2026 Terms of Sale (PDF); maryland §10b

  • Redemption payment office: Harford County Department of the Treasury / Bureau of Revenue Collections — all redemptions are processed through the Collector (Tax Sale Redemption Request Form to taxsale@harfordcountymd.gov; certified funds; no postmarks). Buyers/agents may not accept redemption money directly. See C2. — source: 2026 Terms of Sale (PDF); Tax Sale Redemption Request Form (PDF)

  • Occupancy / access during redemption: Maryland does not grant the certificate holder possession during the redemption period; the property continues to be assessed and remains the owner’s until a foreclosure judgment and deed. See maryland §10b. (needs_verification — no Harford-specific local occupancy/access practice was identified; inherits the Maryland state default.)

C10. Local Restrictions

  • Land bank: (needs_verification — no Harford County land bank authority was identified in any official source retrieved. Harford uses the standard “struck off to the county” mechanism for properties with no bidder, but no separate land-bank entity or program page was found. Unlike Baltimore City, Harford does not appear to operate a land bank.)

  • Right of first refusal: (needs_verification — no municipal/land-bank right-of- first-refusal exercised at the Harford County tax sale was identified in any retrieved official source. Properties with no bidder are struck off to Harford County under the Terms of Sale, but no ROFR program was found.) — source: 2026 Terms of Sale (PDF) (no-bidder properties sold to the county)

  • Entity / insider notes: Entity bidders must register in full corporate name, show good standing, and disclose resident agent and principal place of business; agents must prove authority to bind the principal. Bid-rigging/collusion is void and barrable. Beyond these registration and anti-collusion terms, no Harford-specific entity-or-insider purchase restriction (e.g., barring county employees) was identified in the retrieved sources; Maryland’s statewide framework governs (see maryland §11b). — source: 2026 Terms of Sale (PDF)

C7. Meta

  • parent_state: maryland

  • last_verified: 2026-06-02

  • confidence: 0.90

  • completeness_score: 0.86

  • gap_score: 7

  • sources:

  • needs_verification:

    • Tax-sale surplus/excess-proceeds claim form: No named, dedicated Harford County surplus-claim form or standalone surplus portal was found in any official source retrieved. Contact the Bureau of Revenue Collections at (410) 638-3269 / taxsale@harfordcountymd.gov for the current surplus-claim procedure.
    • Unclaimed-surplus list published: No standalone Harford County list of unclaimed tax-sale surplus balances was found; only annual Tax Sale Results PDFs (certificate holders / bid amounts) are published.
    • Surplus claim deadline / dormancy schedule: No Harford-specific dormancy/escheat schedule for tax-sale balances was found; the ~3-year statewide Comptroller dormancy path is the inherited default (maryland Module 3).
    • Owner-occupied vs. general redemption rate: The 2026 Terms state a single 10% rate without a separate owner-occupied figure; whether Harford applies a distinct owner-occupied cap under TP § 14-820(c) was not separately confirmed.
    • Quiet-title / foreclosure local cost & timeline: No Harford-County-specific filing-fee schedule or local timeline was retrieved; figures inherit the maryland §5b statewide practitioner estimates.
    • Title insurers active locally / seasoning: No Harford-specific underwriting bulletin or list of locally active tax-deed insurers was retrieved; inherits the maryland §5b statewide estimate.
    • Land bank / right of first refusal: No Harford County land bank authority or ROFR program was identified in any retrieved official source (no-bidder properties are struck off to the county).
    • SDAT direct parcel-search deep link: https://sdat.dat.maryland.gov/RealProperty/Pages/default.aspx has intermittently returned 403; use https://dat.maryland.gov/ as the entry point.

  • cross_links: maryland, right-of-redemption, surplus-funds, third-party-recovery-rules, treasurer-sale, due-process-notice, tyler-v-hennepin-county, jones-v-flowers, heirs-property, void-vs-voidable, sheriff-sale, thornton-mellon-v-dennis-2022, heartwood-88-v-montgomery-county-2004

  • changelog:

    • 2026-06-02 — Initial population. Primary sources: Harford County 2026 Terms of Sale (PDF, text-extracted), Tax Sale page, About Tax Sale FAQ, Treasury page, Tax Sale Redemption Request Form (PDF), Maps & Apps; Maryland Courts Harford Land Records / Circuit Court; Harford County Sheriff; DAT statewide schedule and Ombudsman. Confirmed: RealAuction RealTaxLien platform (HTML title “Harford - RealTaxLien - Home”), June 3 2026 sale, May 4–25 2026 registration, $100 fee, NO bid premium, 10$10 auctioneer fee, same-day ACH payment with residue on credit, $50 lien-certificate fee after 3 redemption requests, Tax Clearance Letter for Aberdeen/Bel Air/Havre de Grace, Treasurer Robert F. Sandlass Jr., Clerk Michelle L. Karczeski, Sheriff Jeffrey R. Gahler, billpay portal, WebGIS viewer. Flagged sale-date discrepancy (FAQ “3rd Monday in June” vs. dated Terms June 3) and legacy 12% vs. current 10% rate.

Legal information, not legal advice. This page summarizes Harford County, Maryland operational procedures from the cited official sources as of the last_verified date. Procedures, rates, deadlines, and forms change; terms of sale are updated annually. Verify against the current year’s official Terms of Sale (https://www.harfordcountymd.gov/3350/Tax-sale) and contact the Bureau of Revenue Collections at (410) 638-3269 / taxsale@harfordcountymd.gov before acting. Consult a licensed Maryland attorney for legal advice. Last verified: 2026-06-02.

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