Personal Property Execution Sales by State: Vehicles, Equipment, Boats and Goods

Personal Property Execution Sales by State

Reference table. Legal information, not legal advice. Every filled cell traces to a primary source listed under Citations by jurisdiction; cells marked ⚠ needs_verification could not be confirmed against retrieved text and are left open. Last verified: 2026-10-16.

Summary

When a court judgment goes unpaid, the creditor can have a public officer seize and sell the debtor’s personal property — cars and trucks, trailers, boats, construction and farm equipment, inventory, tools and household goods. This is the personal-property counterpart of the real-estate sheriff-sale. A second, far more common channel puts vehicles on the auction block without any judgment at all: the non-judicial lien sale by a repair garage, tow operator or storage yard enforcing a possessory lien. This page sets out, for the 50 states and the District of Columbia, the statute that governs each channel, who sells, how much notice the law requires, whether a court must confirm the sale, what document the buyer walks away with, whether the debtor can undo the sale, and how a buyer at either kind of sale obtains a certificate of title from the motor-vehicle agency. It belongs to the court-ordered and forced sales of non-real-estate assets section.

Three patterns stand out. First, personal-property execution sales are fast and lightly noticed compared with land: most states require roughly 10 days of posted notice in a handful of public places, often with no newspaper publication and no mailing to the debtor, and a few allow far less — 48 hours of posting in Maine and New Hampshire (Massachusetts: 48 hours’ posting or a newspaper advertisement), 5 days of posting in the sheriff’s office in New Jersey, 6 days in New York and Pennsylvania, and 5–10 day posting windows (a maximum as well as a minimum) in Idaho, Montana and Nevada. Montana separately holds nonperishables ten days after debtor notification, excluding weekends and holidays (MCA 25-13-402(4)). At the other end, Florida, Georgia and Nebraska require 4 weeks of newspaper publication, Iowa 3 weeks, and Maryland bars any sale until 30 days after levy. Second, the sale is usually final once the hammer falls: in nearly every state where the redemption statute was retrieved, it is limited to real property, and court confirmation is a real-estate step — with Kansas (K.S.A. 60-2415, all sales under the execution article) and Kentucky (redemption of encumbered property sold subject to a prior lien, KRS 426.290(4)) as the clearest exceptions found. Nevada separately allows one-year redemption after recorded livestock appraisal for appraisal plus 25% under NRS 108.560; this special lien route is not ordinary chapter-21 execution. Third, a minority of states put a price floor under the sale — appraisal with a two-thirds threshold (Iowa, Louisiana, Ohio, West Virginia’s debtor-demanded appraisal, Wyoming’s court-ordered private sales), an exemption-amount floor (Michigan), a court-set upset price (Kansas), or a sheriff’s power to reject unconscionably low bids (Maryland).

On the vehicle side, the large majority of motor-vehicle codes contain an involuntary transfer / “transfer by operation of law” section that lets the buyer at an execution or lien sale apply for a new title with the officer’s bill of sale or certificate, a court order, or a lienholder affidavit (for example Tex. Transp. Code § 501.074, Va. Code § 46.2-633, Wyo. Stat. § 31-2-104(c), Wis. Stat. § 342.17, 23 V.S.A. § 2025). Garage, tow and storage lien sales split into three models: private self-help sales after mailed notice and a waiting period (most states); sales supervised or pre-authorized by the motor-vehicle agency (California for vehicles over USD 4,000, Michigan, Missouri’s “Lien Title”, Virginia’s DMV-posted sale); and court-run sales, in which the lienor must sue or a public officer sells (Alabama’s repairer’s lien, enforced by attachment — though Alabama separately lets the holder of an unclaimed vehicle auction it as abandoned after notice, Ala. Code § 32-13-3; Delaware’s Justice of the Peace authorization, Hawaii repair liens, Illinois sheriff sales, Maine, Montana, South Carolina’s magistrate sale, West Virginia). Rhode Island chapter34-35is a judicial route, not exclusive: §34-35-6preserves independently authorized statutory and contractual remedies, including the distinct nonjudicial channels in rhode-island.

Method

• Sources. Each cell was filled only from statute or court-rule text retrieved on or about 2026-10-16 from the legislature’s own site or an official code host (for example akleg.gov, azleg.gov, cga.ct.gov, ilga.gov, ksrevisor.gov, legis.la.gov, law.lis.virginia.gov, app.leg.wa.gov, docs.legis.wisconsin.gov, wyoleg.gov, the Texas Rules of Civil Procedure PDF on txcourts.gov, and the Utah court-rules site). Where an official host blocked automated retrieval, a mirror that reproduces the official text was used and is named in the state’s citation list (for example california.public.law, texas.public.law, FindLaw, or official bound code volumes released through Public.Resource.Org). Those cells should be re-checked against the official host before being relied on.
• No analogy. No cell was filled by inference from another state’s law or from a secondary summary. Where text supporting a cell was not retrieved, the cell reads ⚠ needs_verification, sometimes with the chapter located.
• Scoped reconciliation, 2026-10-17. Alabama, Alaska, Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Hampshire, Utah, Vermont, Virginia and Washington incorporate the module-12 retrieval handoffs, including official agency forms/guidance and expressly labeled historical or unofficial text. Agency guidance is not substituted for conflicting statutory text; unresolved currentness, title and procedure fields remain flagged. Other states were not reverified in this integration.
• Scope. The tables cover execution on a money judgment (writ of execution / fieri facias / writ of seizure and sale) against tangible personal property, and statutory possessory-lien sales of vehicles. They do not cover UCC Article 9 repossession sales by secured lenders, police impound or forfeiture auctions (except where a state’s lien statute bundles them), federal tax levies, admiralty arrests of vessels, or bankruptcy sales.
• Cell length. Cells summarize; the governing text controls. Dollar figures are as stated in the retrieved statute — several states index exemption amounts, and the current adjusted figure may differ.

Legend

Mark	Meaning
plain text + cite	Verified against retrieved primary text (citation list below)
⚠ needs_verification	Not verified against a retrieved primary source; left open, not guessed
”statute silent” / “not addressed”	The retrieved statute text does not deal with the point
”None” (redemption)	The retrieved redemption statute is limited to real property, or the text makes the sale absolute
”online not addressed”	The execution statute neither authorizes nor bars online bidding

Table 1 — Execution sales of personal property

Jurisdiction	Execution statute	Selling officer	Minimum notice before sale	Where / how sold	Court confirmation?	Buyer receives
alabama (AL)	Ala. Code §§ 6-9-80, 6-9-86–88, 6-9-140–143, 6-9-147.	Sheriff or other officer receiving execution (§ 6-9-80).	Ten-day courthouse-door advertisement and county newspaper if one exists; one insertion suffices (§ 6-9-87). Perishables use reasonable officer-directed notice (§ 6-9-88).	Sections 6-9-86–88 fix personalty place/notice; § 6-9-143 regulates public-outcry sales and bidder default. No express online-only authority or universal all-personalty public-auction formula is inferred from these provisions.	Ordinary execution differs from judicial-decree confirmation; court retains § 6-9-147 sale-review authority.	Debtor’s title/interest under §§ 6-9-140–142; officer return and actual sale evidence, not a title warranty or fictitious statewide bill-of-sale blank.
alaska (AK)	AS 09.35.030 (writ), 09.35.070 and 09.35.100 (property liable; execution against property), 09.35.110 (levy as in attachment), 09.35.140 (notice), 09.35.150 (sale), 09.35.160 (postponement), 09.35.170 (bill of sale).	Civil Rule69(f): clerk directs writ to a peace officer or civilian process server specially appointed by Public Safety under Rule4(c)(3); licensing/returns under13AAC67. No county-sheriff execution system. Civil Rules, 13AAC67.	Personal property: written or printed notice of time and place posted in three public places within five miles of the sale site, at least 10 days before sale. No newspaper publication required for personalty.	Auction between 9 a.m. and 4 p.m.; personalty capable of manual delivery must be within view unless court directs otherwise; sold in parcels likely to bring highest price. Internet notice applies only to real property; online sale not addressed in statute.	Confirmation statute (AS 09.35.180) addresses real property only; no confirmation of personal-property sales found.	Peace officer delivers the property and, if desired, a bill of sale acknowledging payment; in all other personal-property sales a bill of sale is given (AS 09.35.170).
arizona (AZ)	A.R.S. §§ 12-1559 (levy: officer takes possession of personalty), 12-1621 to 12-1626 (notice, procedure, postponement, defaulting bidder, delivery/certificate of sale).	”The officer” to whom the writ is directed (§ 12-1559); the sheriff serves and returns process (§ 11-441). Justice-court constables execute process under § 22-131(A), (D).	Non-perishable personalty: written notice posted 10 days successively in three public places (two in the precinct, one at/near courthouse door). Perishables: reasonable posting time. No newspaper publication for personalty.	Public auction to highest bidder, 10 a.m.–4 p.m.; on premises where levied, at courthouse door, or a more convenient place; property within view, sold in parcels. Online not addressed in statute.	No court confirmation step in §§ 12-1621 to 12-1626 for personal property.	Officer delivers the property and, if desired, a certificate of sale (mandatory certificate if not capable of manual delivery); conveys debtor’s rights as of levy date (§ 12-1625).
arkansas (AR)	Ark. Code Ann. §§ 16-66-408, -409, -413 and -420; retrieved unofficial 2016 text, present currentness needs_verification.	Sheriff/constable appear in § 16-66-413’s bond form; complete personalty-officer jurisdiction needs_verification. Section 16-66-402 concerns real-estate levy certificates, not a general personalty-officer grant.	Three public postings near the sale, at least 10 days before sale (§ 16-66-408(b)); additional current requirements needs_verification.	Public auction, advertised day, 9 a.m.–3 p.m.; § 16-66-409 states ready money, but § 16-66-413 provides three months’ secured credit when the right to stay exists and is not exercised. Online authority needs_verification.	needs_verification: requirement and standard.	Section 16-66-420: officer delivers goods on payment and, on request at buyer’s expense, a written sale/payment instrument conveying the debtor’s interest; currentness needs_verification.
california (CA)	Cal. Code Civ. Proc. §§ 701.510–701.680 (Enforcement of Judgments Law, sale under writ of execution); tangible personalty may not be sold until the levying officer has custody (§ 701.510).	Levying officer, defined as the sheriff or marshal (Code Civ. Proc. § 680.260).	At least 10 days before sale: written notice posted in three public places in the city (or county if outside a city) and served on the debtor personally or by mail; no newspaper publication for personalty (§ 701.530).	Auction to highest bidder at the noticed date/time/place in the county, 9 a.m.–5 p.m.; goods capable of manual delivery must be within bidders’ view (§ 701.570). Cash/certified/cashier’s check; credit election over USD 2,500 (§ 701.590). Online not addressed in statute.	No ordinary confirmation step; § 701.680 has a creditor-purchaser ninety-day action and an express equitable-redemption saving clause, not exceptionless finality.	Delivery/certificate and title documents under § 701.650; debtor interest under § 701.640. Section 701.630 extinguishes the enforced lien, subordinate liens and state tax liens, subject to § 720.260 and applicable federal limits.
colorado (CO)	C.R.S. § 13-52-102 (goods and chattels liable to sale on execution) and C.R.S. Title 13, Art. 57 “Sale of Chattels” (§§ 13-57-101 to -103), which borrows the real-estate execution procedure of § 13-56-201.	Sheriff (“sheriff or other officer”); writ binds personalty once delivered to the sheriff (C.R.S. §§ 13-52-111, 13-57-102).	At least 10 days’ notice, given in the same manner as execution sales of land (§ 13-57-101): newspaper publication in the county, or posting in three of the most public places in the county if none (§ 13-56-201).	Section 13-57-101 incorporates the land rule’s manner of notice, not all land sale-hour/place conditions. No statutory appraisal or minimum bid for chattels (title 13 arts. 51-57); whether a public auction is required and whether online sales are allowed: ⚠ needs_verification. Debtor gets notice of the levy and 14 days to claim exemptions (§§ 13-55-101 to -103). Douglas County’s actual personalty policy requires full payment within two hours, but is not statewide law.	None required: no confirmation proceeding in Art. 57 or C.R.C.P. 69 (§ 13-56-201(2)‘s irregularity rule is stated for lands).	Rule 69 was actually retrieved in full from the official court-rules compilation, not certified newly amended merely by download. Officer-sale/bill and exact statewide packet questions are treated separately in colorado. County treasurer personalty tax sale is a distinct channel: Moorehead holds valid § 39-10-111 sale extinguishes prior liens, subject to separate notice/federal limitations.
connecticut (CT)	Conn. Gen. Stat. § 52-356a (property execution against nonexempt personal property; levy and sale), within Chapter 906 (Postjudgment Procedures).	Levying officer: a state marshal or constable within their jurisdiction (or, in IV-D cases, a Social Services investigator) (§ 52-350a(12)); may depute an indifferent person or act as the court directs (§ 52-356a(b)(1)).	At least 20 days before sale: notice mailed first class to debtor and each secured/lien holder, and posted in the town clerk’s office where sold; court may order publication; shorter notice by court order for perishables (§ 52-356a(b)(2)-(3)).	Time, place and manner must be “commercially reasonable”; goods present and in view unless court orders otherwise; no sale to levying officer or associates; optional paid advertising (§ 52-356a(b)-(c)). Online not addressed in statute.	No confirmation step in § 52-356a; proceeds are distributed “subject to the supervision of the court” in statutory priority (§ 52-356a(d)).	statute silent (§ 52-356a does not name a bill or certificate of sale); buyer acquires the debtor’s interest, subject to senior secured interests (§ 52-356a(b)(1)).
delaware (DE)	10 Del. C. ch. 49, subch. V (Sale Under Execution), esp. §§ 4971–4972 for goods and chattels; exemptions in §§ 4902–4903.	Sheriff (§§ 4971–4972); § 4975 also references constables or other persons selling goods under process. §§ 4971–4972 do not apply to Justice of the Peace or Court of Common Pleas process.	No sale until 30 days after levy and notice to defendant (§ 4971). Then at least 10 days’ posted notice in 5+ public places in the county (2 in defendant’s hundred), delivered to defendant, plaintiffs and landlord (§ 4972).	Public sale at a day, hour and place stated in the posted notice (§ 4972); court may order earlier sale of perishable goods (§ 4971). Online not addressed in statute.	No confirmation provision for goods located; statute requires court confirmation only for sales of lands and tenements (§ 4976).	Goods document/return differs from real-estate deed. Porter-Way, 300 A.2d 8 (Del. 1972): under settled Delaware case law the buyer of chattels at an execution sale takes free and clear of all prior liens, including a prior perfected security interest, which keeps first priority in the proceeds; Sci-Tek, 367 A.2d 658 (Del. Super. 1976), applies it. A stranger’s goods do not pass (10 Del. C. § 3906); federal interests follow federal law (12.1.6 in delaware).
district-of-columbia (DC)	D.C. Code §§ 15-311–15-323; exemptions § 15-501.	Marshal/deputy; § 15-317 also references other officer holding execution.	At least ten-day advertisement with sufficiently definite description (§ 15-314); this section does not supply a universal mailing/medium rule.	Two sworn appraisers; public auction for cash (§ 15-314).	No ordinary chattel confirmation under these provisions; special decree/order requirements remain distinct.	Judicial vehicle application: authorized seller’s bill plus certified authorizing court order (18 DCMR 401.6). Lien-sale application: authenticated bill and plates/satisfactory explanation (401.9). Current-linked DMV-CTA-001; title processing is not independent lien purge.
florida (FL)	Fla. Stat. ch. 56: § 56.061 (goods and chattels subject to levy and sale), § 56.21 (notice), § 56.22 (execution sales), § 56.25 (bill of sale), § 56.27 (proceeds).	Sheriff (§§ 56.21, 56.22, 56.27).	Newspaper advertisement in the county once a week for 4 successive weeks; sale not earlier than 30 days after first advertisement; certified-mail copy to debtor or debtor’s attorney; notice to lienholders (§ 56.21). Court may shorten for perishables.	At the time, date and place advertised, any day except Saturday/Sunday, continuing day to day until sold; unsold property may be readvertised (§ 56.22). Online not addressed in statute.	Ordinary ch. 56 execution has no separate routine confirmation hearing/standard; bill follows payment (§ 56.25). Section 45.031(9) excludes execution from its separate judicial-sale procedure; see florida for sourced distinction.	Officer executes and delivers a deed or bill of sale on payment of purchase money and its cost (§ 56.25).
georgia (GA)	O.C.G.A. Title 9, ch. 13, art. 7: §§ 9-13-140–141, 9-13-160–174. Inherited actual 2015 official bound text retained; independently retrieved full 2019 R73, official 2025 supplement and relevant 2026 Acts; current through the 2025 session on the official 2025 supplement (Georgia Commons transcription, re-retrieved 2026-10-18) with 2026 Acts checked against the official 2026 amendment index.	Sheriff / coroner / other levying officer; constables execute magistrate executions (§§ 9-13-140, 15-10-102).	General route: county legal-organ publication weekly for four weeks (§§ 9-13-140–141); statutory livestock/perishable exceptions. Fulton Marshal personalty instructions differ: ten-day courthouse display, first/third Mondays; local scope only. Article 7 prescribes no separate mailed notice for ordinary execution (tax executions add 10 days’ mail, § 48-4-1).	General public outcry at county courthouse, first Tuesday, 10–4, subject to location/statutory exceptions (§§ 9-13-160–162). No online alternative for ordinary execution; no appraisal/minimum bid in art. 7; DOR personalty separately permits public Internet auctions/sealed bids (§ 48-2-55). HB 1344 secured-holder credit bidding is effective January 1, 2027, not October 2026.	No confirmation required for ordinary execution sales; § 9-13-172 supplies supervisory/set-aside power. Equity decrees require confirmation before consummation (§ 23-4-35).	§ 9-13-173 conveys debtor’s interest; caveat emptor and qualified apparent-authority protection (§§ 167–168). Personalty tax execution requires statutory Bill of Sale (§ 48-4-22(d)); DOR court-vehicle packet uses certified order, MV-1 and T-7 with conditional supporting forms. No statutory instrument for ordinary untitled goods: the sale conveys title (§§ 9-13-169, 9-13-173, 9-13-174).
hawaii (HI)	Haw. Rev. Stat. ch. 651 execution provisions: §§ 651-41 to 651-52 (levy § 651-42, advertisement § 651-43, sale § 651-44, postponement § 651-45, conveyance § 651-46); exemptions § 651-121.	The levying officer. § 651-51 refers to the sheriff, deputy sheriff, or police officer.	After levy, 30 days (or as the court orders) by written or printed notice posted in 3 conspicuous places in the district; on Oahu also at least 3 newspaper insertions in Honolulu (§ 651-43). Same rule for real and personal property.	Public sale to the highest bidder on the day and at the place set (§ 651-44); officer may postpone by public declaration at the appointed time and place (§ 651-45). Online not addressed in statute.	No court-confirmation requirement for personal-property sales located in §§ 651-41 to 651-52.	Officer executes and delivers whatever certificate of purchase or conveyance is necessary (§ 651-46). Buyer gets only the defendant’s interest (§ 651-49).
idaho (ID)	Idaho Code tit. 11, ch. 3 (Levy and Sale Under Execution), §§ 11-301 to 11-313 (notice § 11-302, conduct § 11-304, certificates §§ 11-308, 11-309); exemptions § 11-605.	Sheriff (§ 11-301); the officer holding the execution and deputies may not buy (§ 11-304).	Personal property: posted in 3 public places in the precinct/city for 5 to 10 days before sale, OR newspaper publication for 1 to 2 weeks in the county (§ 11-302(2)). Perishables: reasonable posted notice. USD 500 penalty for selling without notice (§ 11-303).	Auction to the highest bidder; deliverable goods sold in lots likely to bring the highest price; debtor may direct order of sale; stops once execution satisfied (§ 11-304). Online not addressed in statute.	No court-confirmation requirement for personal-property sales located in ch. 3.	Goods capable of manual delivery: delivery of property plus, if desired, certificate of sale (§ 11-308); other personalty: certificate of sale (§ 11-309). Either conveys the debtor’s rights as of levy.
illinois (IL)	735 ILCS 5/12-158 (goods and chattels may be taken and sold to satisfy judgment) and 12-166 to 12-169 (notice, postponement, return, proceeds); 12-112 (goods and chattels liable to sale).	Sheriff or other levying officer (12-158, 12-162, 12-169).	At least 10 days’ notice by posting in 3 of the most public places in the county of sale, stating time and place (12-166). No newspaper or mail requirement in that section.	Sale at the posted time and place; officer may postpone up to 10 days at a time (12-167). Perishables: court-ordered sale within 24 hours of levy (12-158). Online not addressed in statute. Perkins supplies immediate bid-payment/unpaid-bid recovery, not an invented deposit-forfeiture schedule.	Ordinary execution is complete at strike-off (Craddick); distinguish judicial confirmation and the actual 2-1402(e) citation-sale order. Officer return separately identifies articles/prices (12-168).	Vehicle: sheriff-signed bill of sale with purchaser/address, make/year/VIN, applicable court-order number and lienholders in priority (625 ILCS 5/3-104(h)); judicial ownership award uses certified order under(i). Not a real-estate certificate for every chattel.
indiana (IN)	IC 34-55-6 (Sale of Property on Execution), esp. IC 34-55-6-2 (manner of sale), 34-55-6-10 (personal-property notice) and 34-55-6-11 (personal property sold at public auction).	Sheriff (IC 34-55-6-2, 34-55-6-12); court may order sale by the sheriff through an auctioneer on petition (IC 34-55-6-3).	Notice of time and place for 10 days successively by posting written notices in at least 3 of the most public places in the township where the sale is made (IC 34-55-6-10).	Public auction/present-and-in-view statutory scope remains (IC 34-55-6-11), but Trial Rule 69(A) qualifies a mandatory particular order/parcels sequence unless court-ordered otherwise. This is not a categorical all-online prohibition; the applicable process/order must be checked.	No general chattel-confirmation provision in recovered IC 34-55-6; distinguish a specific decree and the separate real-estate provisions of Trial Rule 69.	No prescribed generic chattel bill form recovered; debt/chose instruments and stock have separate transfer provisions (34-55-3-7, -5). Titled vehicles/watercraft require BMV process/ownership evidence; the real-estate sheriff deed is not their universal instrument.
iowa (IA)	Iowa Code ch. 626, §§ 626.74–.75 notice, .80 conduct, .81 postponement, .93 appraisal; current civil rules.	Sheriff / officer holding execution (§§ 626.74, .80).	Three weeks; three county postings including courthouse. For personalty USD 200+, TWO weekly newspaper insertions: first at least three weeks before sale, second later before sale (§ 626.75), not twice each week.	Public auction 9 a.m.–4 p.m., noticed starting hour; § 626.80 sealed bids opened/announced at start. At most two adjournments/60 days total absent written agreement (§ 626.81). Not independent permission for an internet-only execution sale.	Ordinary chattel transfer uses § 626.95; separate asset/order requirements still apply.	§ 626.95 officer deed when not redeemable, certificate when redeemable; debtor’s actual interest and preserved prior rights, not a universal clean-title guarantee.
kansas (KS)	K.S.A. 60-2401 (writ of execution; levy per attachment statutes 60-706 to 60-710), 60-2406 (sale subject to liens), 60-2408 (forthcoming bond), 60-2409 (notice of sale of personal property; resale), 60-2415 (return and confirmation).	The officer to whom the execution is directed (60-2401, 60-2409); 60-2415 refers to the sheriff.	Public notice of time and place at least 14 days before sale: newspaper publication once a week for 2 consecutive weeks, or by court discretion posting in 5 public places incl. courthouse board; plaintiff mails notice to defendant and secured parties within 7 days (60-2409).	Sale at the noticed time and place; 60-2409 does not specify auction format for personalty; second sale by court order if no bidders. Online not addressed in statute.	Yes on the statute’s face: 60-2415(a) requires the sheriff to return “all sales made under this article” to the court, which confirms if regular; court may refuse for substantially inadequate bid or set an upset price (60-2415(b)).	Certificate of sale or deed on confirmation (60-2415(a));8-135(c)(8) requires an officer vehicle-sale certificate. The separate60-1006–1009judicial-security foreclosure expressly provides a personalty certificate.
kentucky (KY)	KRS Chapter 426, esp. KRS 426.160 (personal property: time, place, advertisement), 426.560 (newspaper notice), 426.340 (officer’s duty to advertise), 426.490 (sale bond / 3-month credit), 426.290 (encumbered property).	Sheriff or constable executing the writ (KRS 426.490 bond form names “sheriff (or constable and so forth)”); court may engage a licensed auctioneer for court-ordered public sales (KRS 426.522).	Posted written/printed notices 10 days before sale at 3 of the most public places near the sale site (KRS 426.160), plus newspaper publication under KRS ch. 424 unless parties agree or appraised value is under USD 100 (KRS 426.560). Must advertise within 20 days of levy (426.340).	Public sale at or near the place of levy, no sooner than 10 days after levy (KRS 426.160). If the debtor’s replevy right is unused, sale is on 3 months’ credit with purchaser’s bond (426.490). Online not addressed in statute.	Ordinary sheriff execution differs from commissioner report/court review under CR53.05 and AP2025-48; do not universalize the no-confirmation shorthand.	Statute presumes a bill of sale (KRS 426.330 voids “any deed or bill of sale” when the officer buys); no form prescribed in sections retrieved.
louisiana (LA)	C.C.P. arts. 2291–2299 and 2331–2377; R.S. 13:4341.	Sheriff takes actual possession and preserves movables, with keeper/safekeeping under art. 326; parish/delegated-territory limits in arts. 322/332. Ordinary writ runs one year (2294); Orleans city-court writ six months (2294.1).	Seizure notice under art. 2293; advertising cannot be ordered until three days excluding holidays after service. Movables require at least one publication, at least 10 days before sale (art. 2331; R.S. 43:203).	Outside Orleans, R.S. 13:4341(A)‘s courthouse/qualifying annex/nearby-place and sale-day/time rules apply; art. 2344 authorizes online auction and § 4341(C) retains its sale-day restriction. § 4406 excludes Orleans from § 4341(A); no judicial-sales provision fixes Orleans place or hours, which follow the sheriff’s advertisement, with § 4341(B)‘s indoor-site rules statewide. Online balance/deposit is due next nonholiday day by 4:30 p.m. (§ 4360(B)); default remedies in (A), (C)–(D) are not general thirty-day credit.	Ordinary fieri-facias adjudication transfers debtor rights under arts. 2371/2342; the sheriff’s act within 15 days is evidentiary and adds no force/effect. Those provisions impose no separate confirmation hearing or standard; special-sale authority must be checked separately.	Sheriff’s act of sale proves adjudication (art. 2342); adjudication transfers debtor’s rights (art. 2371); signed return under art. 2343.
maine (ME)	14 M.R.S. §§ 4751-4759 (Title 14, ch. 509, subch. 3 “Sales on Execution”, art. 1): nonexempt chattels may be “taken and sold on execution” (§ 4751); timing, notice, adjournment, resale and return (§§ 4752-4759).	Sheriff, deputy and designated civil deputy within county (14 §702); bonded constable for a personal-action precept within town/adjoining plantation (14 §703). Full primary text: https://legislature.maine.gov/statutes/14/title14ch203.pdf .	Goods kept at least 4 days after seizure (Sundays excluded) and sold within 14 days of seizure (§ 4752); officer posts notice of time and place at least 48 hours before sale in 2 or more public places in the town of sale (§ 4753).	Auction (§§ 4755, 4757 refer to “the auction”/“sell it again at auction”); may postpone up to 6 days at a time, or move to another place in the same town for a better price (§§ 4754-4755). Online not addressed in statute.	No court confirmation in §§ 4751-4759; officer’s return on the execution must describe each article/lot and its price (§ 4758).	statute silent.
maryland (MD)	Rules 2-644 (circuit court) and 3-644 (District Court): full unofficial texts independently retrieved 2026-10-17; official compilation comparison remains open. Official 2021 order confirms subsection (d) amendments. Exemptions: CJP § 11-504.	The sheriff, on the judgment creditor’s request, “without further order of court” (Rule 2-644(a)).	No sale until 30 days after levy and after any exemption election is resolved. Notice of time, place and terms is posted at the courthouse door (or a nearby board) and published in a county newspaper at least 10 days before a personal-property sale. Perishables may be sold on less or no notice (Rule 2-644(a)-(b)).	Public sale at the time and place in the notice, for the highest cash offer. The sheriff may reject unconscionably low offers and re-offer later. The debtor may set the order of sale between real and personal property (Rule 2-644(c)). No statute or rule authorizes an online personalty sale.	No. Court ratification applies only to real property (Rule 2-644(d)). For personalty the sheriff files a report with the court of property sold, buyers, proceeds and distribution (Rule 2-644(g)).	Sheriff’s bill of sale and delivery of the debtor’s possessory interest (Rule 2-644(e)); for vehicles, COMAR 11.15.14.09 additionally requires writ/order, title application, advertisement and required previous-title lien releases.
massachusetts (MA)	M.G.L. c. 235, §§ 36-43 (sale of personalty on execution: custody, notice, adjournment, resale, return, proceeds). Exemptions: c. 235, § 34.	The officer to whom the execution is directed: sheriff, deputy or constable (c. 235, § 23); a bonded constable within the town up to USD 200 or USD 7,000 depending on bond (c. 41, § 92).	Property held at least 4 days. Notice of time and place: posted at least 48 hours before sale in a public place in the town of sale, OR newspaper ad in the debtor’s town (§ 37). If value exceeds USD 300, either party can require newspaper notice; sale then 4-30 days after seizure (§ 38).	Public auction within 14 days after seizure (§ 36); adjournments up to 7 days announced at the appointed time and place (§ 39); resale if the high bidder defaults (§ 41). No online execution sale is authorized: §§ 36-37 require a public auction at a noticed time and place (contrast c. 135, § 8).	No court confirmation in §§ 36-43; officer’s return must describe the property sold and the price of each article (§ 42). A court may enjoin the sale and later order it to proceed (§ 40).	Officer’s return describing each article and price (§ 42); debtor’s interest only, perfected security interests continue (c. 106, §§ 9-201, 9-315); no statutory bill-of-sale form. Source: General Laws as published at malegislature.gov, reviewed 2026-10-18.
michigan (MI)	MCL 600.6001-600.6047 (Revised Judicature Act ch. 60, executions): issue to officer (§ 6001), notice (§ 6031), conduct (§ 6032), exemption handling (§ 6033), perishables (§ 6035), postponement (§ 6042), resale (§ 6045). Exemptions: MCL 600.6023.	Execution issues to “the sheriff, bailiff, or other proper officer” of the county, district, court district or municipality (§ 6001); sheriffs, officers and deputies may not buy at the sale (§ 6046).	At least 10 days’ notice of time and place, by written or printed notices posted in 3 public places in the city or township of sale (§ 6031). No publication or mailing required by § 6031. Perishables: by court order, with notice as the court directs (§ 6035).	Goods must be present and within view, offered in lots calculated to bring the highest price (§ 6032), so an online sale of absent goods is not authorized; postponement by public declaration with notice under § 6052 (§ 6042); a defaulting high bidder is liable for the resale loss (§ 6045).	No: chapter 60 has no confirmation step for chattel sales; surplus is paid to the debtor on demand (§ 6044). Perishables need a prior court order (§ 6035).	Debtor’s interest; mortgaged or pledged goods are sold subject to the encumbrance, which the buyer may pay off before foreclosure (§§ 6017(3), 6034). No statutory chattel bill-of-sale form; vehicles: officer’s certification on the Secretary of State form (MCL 257.236a(2)); shares: certified execution and return to the corporation within 14 days (§ 6037(4)). Source: official MCL chapter XML (Complete Through PA 103 of 2026), reviewed 2026-10-18.
minnesota (MN)	Minn. Stat. ch. 550: §§ 550.04 (execution contents), 550.18 (notice), 550.19 (service on debtor), 550.20 (sale, when and how). Exemptions: § 550.37.	Sheriff (execution “directed to the sheriff”, or to the coroner if the sheriff is a party or interested) (§ 550.04). Neither the officer nor the deputy may buy (§ 550.20).	Ten days’ notice in three most-public places (§550.18(1), read with §645.12). At or before posting, the officer serves the debtor (if a county resident) with the execution, inventory and notice, like a summons (§ 550.19). An officer selling without notice forfeits USD 100 plus damages, but the sale stays valid (§ 550.18).	Auction between 9:00 a.m. and sunset in the county where the property is located. Property capable of manual delivery must be within view, sold in parcels likely to bring the highest price; no more sold than needed (§ 550.20). Online not addressed in statute.	No court confirmation of personal-property sales in §§ 550.18-550.20.	statute silent for general personalty. The sheriff gives a certificate of sale for corporate stock (§ 550.21) and for real property (§ 550.22).
mississippi (MS)	Miss. Code §§ 13-3-111, -125 through -139, -161 through -185; MRCP 69. Historical full text is disclosed and checked against 2020–2026 primary session indexes/enactments.	Sheriff; authorized state-tax special agent and § 27-41-103 off-duty deputy only within statutory authorization.	Plaintiff posts ten-day personalty sale notice in three county public places, including courthouse; perishables exception in -167; no Sunday/legal-holiday sale.	Highest bidder for cash, ordinarily 11 a.m.–4 p.m.; statutory place and sufficient-property limit; -173 postponement when bidders insufficient. No general online-only replacement.	Ordinary execution has no separate statutory confirmation condition; special judicial/receiver and mobile-home sales follow their own orders.	Officer receipt/bill of sale and return; § 13-3-135 assignment effect for stock/claims, -185 discharges judgment/decree liens but not universally private perfected interests.
missouri (MO)	RSMo ch. 513 (executions): personal-property sale notice § 513.145; delivery and bill of sale § 513.150; sale timing § 513.190; conduct § 513.235; officer may not buy § 513.300. Exemptions: § 513.430.	”The officer having charge of the writ” (§ 513.145); sale by the officer to whom the execution is directed, or deputies (§ 513.300). Executions may go to any county (§ 513.035). The chapter headings refer to the sheriff (§ 513.205).	10 days’ notice of time, place and property, by at least 3 advertisements posted in public places in the township of sale (§ 513.145). Section493.075permits qualifying publication instead, except its excluded first-class charter counties/cities; official Rule76notice additions remain needs_verification. Perishables: court may order sale without notice (§513.145).	Public auction for ready money on the advertised day,9a.m.–5p.m.; highest bidder (§513.235). Unofficial Rule76.18allows approved payment methods; official current rule remains needs_verification. Sale day at least 15 days before the writ’s return day if time allows (§ 513.190). Online not addressed in statute.	No court confirmation of personal-property sales found in §§ 513.145-513.235 (court order needed only for perishable sales without notice, § 513.145).	On payment, the officer delivers the property and, if desired, executes a writing testifying to the sale and payment, conveying the debtor’s right, title and interest as of the levy date (§ 513.150).
montana (MT)	MCA title 25, chapter 13: §§ 301/402 writ and levy; §§ 701/704/708–709 sale and conveyance; § 505 secured-goods payment/tender/deposit and § 712 reimbursement.	Sheriff/levying officer; officer or deputy cannot purchase (§§ 402/704).	Three county postings for 5–10 days plus county newspaper insertion at least one week ahead if a paper exists (§ 701). Separate nonperishable hold: ten days excluding weekends/holidays after debtor notice (§ 402(4)); perishables differ.	Highest-bidder auction, 9 a.m.–5 p.m.; manual goods within view, suitable parcels, debtor-directed order and stop-when-sufficient rules (§ 704). No unrestricted online-only substitution for those conditions.	Payment precedes delivery/certificate under §§ 708–709; no separate ordinary confirmation prerequisite there. Special judicial routes/orders remain distinct.	Delivery and requested certificate for manual goods (§ 708); mandatory certificate for other personalty (§ 709), conveying levy-date debtor rights. Actual § 505 secured-debt payment/tender/deposit and § 712 proceeds rules apply, not a universal private-lien wipe.
nebraska (NE)	Neb. Rev. Stat. ch. 25, art. 15: §§ 25-1516, -1518, -1524–1525, -1536, -1540; exemptions §§ 25-1552, -1556.	Executing officer; sheriff, selling officer and appraiser cannot buy directly or indirectly, purchase void (§ 25-1536).	Four successive weekly newspaper publications, or five county postings including two in the sale precinct if no county newspaper is printed (§ 25-1525); writ/exemption notice under § 25-1516. Newspaper qualification includes § 25-523’s 2026 digital/e-edition provisions.	Advertised time/place; court collection guide confirms advertisement/sale, not an express universal auction mandate. State-tax sheriff execution specifically uses public auction under Reg36-009.07; Department auction/sealed bids009.08Eis separate. Ordinary chattel format/reserve follows actual lawful order/terms within chapter25; no land venue/appraisal or express online-only substitute is imported.	No separate ordinary-chattel land-style confirmation/fair-value step in chapter25art15; special decree/receiver approval remains conditional. District judicial-sale Rule6-1515requires15%deposit at bid acceptance, except lienholder credit to lien extent; balance/further disposition follows actual order. Rule6-1515.	Current60-166sworn involuntary-transfer evidence,prior title or satisfactory proof,actual order/instrument or agency-approved alternative, RV707(Rev7/2018),sheriff bill and applicable odometer proof. Manual2-19is historical7/2014,not current mandatory sheriff-only blank. Recorded security retained absent satisfaction/extinction proof.
nevada (NV)	NRS ch. 21: §§ 21.070–.080 writ/property, .111 constable, .112 exemptions, .130 notice, .150–.180 sale/payment/certificate.	Sheriff or authorized constable; officer/deputy cannot buy (§§ 21.070, .111, .150).	Three township/city postings 5–10 days; district-court writs additionally require two county newspaper publications, first at least ten days ahead if a newspaper exists (§ 21.130). Perishables and writ notice have distinct rules.	Highest-bidder auction 9 a.m.–5 p.m.; manual goods in view, suitable parcels and sufficient-proceeds limit (§ 21.150). Real-property venue is not imported; manual-goods view requirements still govern remote components, not a general online-only substitute.	No separate ordinary chattel confirmation/fair-value hearing under21.170–.180 payment/conveyance rules; special decree/statute controls other channels.	Delivery plus requested certificate for manual goods (§ 21.170); mandatory certificate for nonmanual goods (§ 21.180). Debtor’s levy-date interest, not universal senior-lien discharge; bidder-default resale/loss rule § 21.160.
new-hampshire (NH)	RSA ch. 528; writ RSA 527:12; exemptions RSA 511:2. Execution chapter; writ; exemptions.	Sheriff or deputy sheriff under RSA 527:12; the levying officer keeps and sells the goods.	RSA 528:2: keep goods four days; post time/place in two public town locations at least 48 hours before those four days expire. That section supplies no newspaper/mail requirement.	Public highest-bidder auction; town/time/place in postings; no fixed building/appraisal/numeric ordinary-goods minimum in 528:2. Adjournments at most ten days each/sixty from seizure with same notice. Cash is default unless interested parties agree; Wurm’s collected checks without prejudice did not invalidate sale. No universal deposit percentage/buyer-default penalty. Wholly online implementation remains the exact document-access U.	Ordinary 528 goods sale is officer auction/return with no separate routine confirmation application/standard in that procedure; special judicial injunction/order or receiver decree may control its own sale. Do not import real-estate confirmation or keep a blanket unknown merely because a special order can exist.	Officer’s article-by-article return is mandatory under 528:5, not a clean-title certificate. Preserve actual paid receipt/bill of sale and certified writ/return as transfer proof; 261:16 adds available old title/proof/application for vehicles. Officer supplies sale evidence; DMV issues vehicle title. No verified separate mandatory statewide execution-only buyer form.
new-jersey (NJ)	N.J.S.A. 2A:17 (executions): goods first, then real estate (2A:17-1); exemption, inventory and appraisal (2A:17-19 to -25); third-party claims (2A:17-29); chattel sale notice (2A:17-33); sale statement (2A:17-38). Special Civil Part writs: 2A:18-27. Court Rules 4:59 and 4:65: ⚠ needs_verification.	”The sheriff or other officer to whom such writ may be directed” (2A:17-1; also 2A:17-29, 2A:17-33). A Special Civil Part writ is executed by “the officer” (2A:18-27). The coroner substitutes if the sheriff is disabled (2A:17-45).	At least 5 days before sale: signed advertisements of time and place posted in the sheriff’s office of the county where the property is. “The notice need not be posted at any other place” (2A:17-33). No publication or mailing required by 2A:17-33. This statute alone is not complete court-rule clearance: preserved unofficial Rule 4:59-1(h) adds levy-day exemption notice and twenty-day no-sale safeguard; current official 4:65-2 comparison remains needs_verification.	⚠ needs_verification (no auction-method provision for chattels found in N.J.S.A. 2A:17; Court Rule 4:65 located on non-official hosts only). Online not addressed in statute.	⚠ needs_verification (no confirmation provision for chattel sales found in N.J.S.A. 2A:17; the officer files a statement of sales with the clerk within 30 days, 2A:17-38).	For motor vehicles, the selling officer executes and delivers to the buyer an application for certificate of ownership, with copies of the writ and notice of sale attached (39:10-15). Other chattels: statute silent. Actual Burlington sheriff procedure supplies a bill of sale and vehicle ownership application about two weeks after sale with immediate removal/towing (https://www.burlingtoncountynj.gov/1182/Personal-Property). The current form for the officer’s application is MVC’s Universal Title Application, which replaces OS/SS-7 (https://www.nj.gov/mvc/pdf/vehicles/OS-SS-UTA.pdf; reconciled 2026-10-18).
new-mexico (NM)	NMSA 1978, 39-4-1 (execution issues to sheriff; levy and sale), 39-4-7 (debtor’s delivery bond), 39-4-9 (personal property “may be sold as provided by law”), 39-5-1 to 39-5-4 (notice and manner of judicial sales), 39-5-1.1 (perishables). Exemptions: 42-10-1.	The sheriff of any county where the debtor has property subject to execution (39-4-1). The issuing court has jurisdiction over all matters arising from the levy or sale (39-4-1).	Publication for 4 weeks before the sale (English or Spanish), plus 6 notices posted in the county’s most public places (39-5-1). Property worth USD 300 or less: 10 days’ posting in 5 public places, including the courthouse and the sale site (39-5-4). Debtor mailing not found. Separate pre-seizure duty: for a natural-person debtor, amended Rule1-065.1(B) requires exemption notice/claim form at least ten days before seizure, with its actual service alternatives, effectiveDecember31,2025; medical-debt applications also use Form4-805C. This is not a new general sale-mail mandate.	”Public vendue”, between 9 a.m. and sunset of the same day (39-5-1). Place is the one stated in the notice (39-5-1, 39-5-3). Online not addressed in statute.	No confirmation provision for personalty execution sales found in Articles 4-5 of Chapter 39 as retrieved: ⚠ needs_verification.	statute silent.
new-york (NY)	CPLR5230/5233 personalty execution; 5236 is realty only. Full official section PDFs independently retrieved2026-10-17: https://legislation.nysenate.gov/pdf/laws/CVP5230/ and https://legislation.nysenate.gov/pdf/laws/CVP5233/.	Sheriff under5230(b); NYC sheriff or city marshal for Civil Court process, CCA701(a),(d): https://legislation.nysenate.gov/pdf/laws/CCA701/. Support units/DTF have specified powers; sheriff/deputies cannot buy.	Six days, three public places in town/city. NYC alternative requires the specified morning daily-and-Sunday paper, prior-evening newsstand edition and300000 circulation. No separate sale-mailing provision in5233 is not no debtor/lender notice:5232(c) and NYC parking SOP differ. https://legislation.nysenate.gov/pdf/laws/CVP5232/	Public auction, officer selects time/place/highest-price lots; property present/in view absent court order. Online authorization needs_verification; no appraisal/minimum in5233 itself.	No routine personalty confirmation in5233;5240 permits regulating orders. Immediate urgency sale may be ordered with/without notice. Completed-sale challenge grounds/deadline remain needs_verification, not the realty rule.	NYC vehicle Certificate of Sale; Erie receipt/release/certificate/execution copy; actual local instructions in NYmodule12. Debtor’s interest only; secured rights not impaired,5233(a)/5234(b): https://legislation.nysenate.gov/pdf/laws/CVP5234/. Innocent purchaser protected only for5233(b)‘s notice-posting/advertising omission.
north-carolina (NC)	G.S. Chapter 1, Article 29B (Execution Sales), §§ 1-339.41 to 1-339.71. Personal-property rules: place (§ 1-339.44(c)), presence (§ 1-339.45), posting (§ 1-339.53), perishables (§ 1-339.56), bill of sale (§ 1-339.62), resale (§ 1-339.69). Exemptions: G.S. 1C-1601.	The sheriff, or any officer authorized to hold an execution sale (§ 1-339.41). The clerk of superior court who issued the execution fixes procedural details the Article leaves open (§ 1-339.42).	Notice posted for 10 days immediately before the sale, in the area the clerk designates for notices in the county of sale (§ 1-339.53). No newspaper publication and no mailed debtor notice for personalty (those rules, §§ 1-339.52 and 1-339.54, cover real property).	Sold to the highest bidder for cash (§§ 1-339.47, 1-339.51), with the property present (§ 1-339.45), at any place in the county named in the notice (§ 1-339.44(c)). Not on Sunday; starts 10 a.m.-4 p.m. (§§ 1-339.43, 1-339.60). No online execution sale is authorized: chapter 1 has no electronic-sale provision and the place/presence rules govern.	No. Clerk confirmation applies only to real property (§ 1-339.67). For personalty, the sheriff delivers on payment (§ 1-339.62) and files a report of sale within 5 days (§ 1-339.63).	Property delivered on payment. The sheriff “may” give a bill of sale or other muniment of title, and must do so on the purchaser’s application when the clerk requires it (§ 1-339.62).
north-dakota (ND)	NDCC ch. 28-23 (Sales Under Execution): personalty notice (28-23-01), crops (28-23-02), perishables (28-23-03), place (28-23-06), time and manner (28-23-07), postponement (28-23-08), surplus (28-23-09). Exemptions: ch. 28-22 (28-22-03.1).	”The officer who levies” (28-23-01), i.e., the sheriff or other officer holding the execution. The sheriff, officer and deputies may not buy; such a purchase is void (28-23-07).	Publication once a week for 2 successive weeks immediately before the sale, in the county’s official newspaper (28-23-01). Not required for harvested crops sold at market (28-23-02) or court-ordered perishable sales (28-23-03). Mailed debtor notice for personalty not found in ch. 28-23.	Public auction to the highest bidder, 9 a.m. to 4 p.m. Goods capable of delivery must be in view, in parcels likely to bring the highest price (28-23-07). Held at the sheriff’s noticed place, or on the seizure premises if the owner keeps the goods safe and asks (28-23-06). Online not addressed in statute.	No separate ordinary-personalty confirmation under28-23-13, whose confirmation procedure concerns realty. A special decree, UCRERA outside-ordinary transfer or ABC sale may independently require court approval/confirmation.	No numbered statewide chattel certificate in28-23;28-23-11is realty only. Preserve actual officer bill/return, writ/decree and ownership/sale authority. Vehicle involuntary transfer uses39-05-19genuine/regular instruments, SFN2872andUSD5title fee. Buyer receives only the interest lawfully reached, not automatic release of unaffected senior rights.
ohio (OH)	ORC 2329.13 (notice; setting aside or confirming a sale of goods), 2329.14 (re-execution on unsold goods), 2329.15 (public or private sale; appraisal; two-thirds floor), 2329.39 (officer and appraiser may not buy). Exemptions: ORC 2329.66.	The sheriff, or “other officer holding the process” (ORC 2329.15). The levying officer gives the public notice (ORC 2329.13(A)(2)). The officer and appraisers are barred from buying (ORC 2329.39).	Creditor serves parties under Civ.R.5, with proof filed at least3days before sale, subject to the failure-to-appear exception. Officer’s ordinary newspaper notice is at least10days. Three weekly publications apply to delinquent-tax business merchandise/inventory; premises posting applies to goods used in any trade/business (§2329.13(A))	Public auction, unless the court orders a private sale for cash for good cause (2329.15). Three disinterested appraisers value the goods first, and they may not sell below two-thirds of that value (2329.15). Online not addressed in statute for personalty (2329.152 online rules cover real estate).	Mandatory confirmation of every chattel sale remains needs_verification. Section2329.13 states an entered confirmation’s effects; BankOne/DWT treats confirmation as the appealable order in an actual vehicle execution. Its further-motion bar does not eliminate direct appeal	statute silent.
oklahoma (OK)	12 O.S. §§ 752, 757, 769, 776; exemptions 31 O.S. § 1.	Sheriff; attachment/execution levy requires a bonded officer (§ 752). Officers, appraisers and specified marketplace insiders/third-degree relatives may not buy (§§ 769, 776).	At least ten-day first-class plaintiff mailing to debtor/record and known claimants; county newspaper advertisement, or five public postings if no county paper; affidavit (§ 757(A)).	Noticed place/time; online marketplace allowed with nonelectronic bidding and no buyer premium (§§ 757(C), 776).	No ordinary chattel confirmation under §§ 751–758; land § 765 is distinct. Under 68 O.S. § 231(F), a nonstate tax-warrant buyer may request confirmation.	Obtain actual officer sale evidence/bill and operative order; debtor-interest transfer, not universal discharge. Vehicle operation-of-law title uses satisfactory § 1107(B) proof; tax-warrant sheriff bill is express § 231(C)/(F).
oregon (OR)	ORS 18.860–18.993, esp. 18.920 (personal-property notice), 18.930 (conduct), 18.940 (bill of sale), 18.954 (different manner authorized by judgment/order or Chief Justice rule).	Sheriff (ORS 18.860, 18.930).	Debtor: first-class + certified mail; attorney: first-class, at least 10 days. Three public postings 10–20 days before sale, or statutory website posting at least 10 days if creditor requests (ORS 18.920).	Default public oral auction, 9 a.m.–4 p.m., parcels likely to bring highest price (ORS 18.930). An online format changing that procedure requires applicable judgment/order or Chief Justice rule authority (ORS 18.954); online notice alone is not online-bidding authorization.	Ordinary chattels transfer under ORS 18.940, not the land-sale confirmation procedure in 18.948; check particular 18.954 sale terms.	Sheriff delivers goods held; bill of sale on request, mandatory for intangibles or goods not held (ORS 18.940).
pennsylvania (PA)	Pa.R.C.P. 3101–3149 (Enforcement of Money Judgments), esp. Rules 3102 (writ of execution), 3124 (order of sale), 3125 (perishables), 3128 (notice of personal-property sale), 3132 (setting aside), 3134 (bill of sale).	Sheriff (Rules 3128, 3134).	Handbills posted by sheriff ≥ 6 days before sale at sheriff’s office, place of sale, and place of levy if different; must state claims deadlines and distribution-schedule date (≤ 5 days after sale; exceptions within 10 days) (Rule 3128(a)–(b)). Court may require more notice (3128(d)).	Sheriff’s sale to bidders assembled at the noticed time and place (Rule 3128(a), (c)); time of sale, deposit, payment and resale terms left to local practice (Rule 3128 Official Note); online bidding not addressed: needs_verification.	Ordinary personal-property rules provide delivery/bill and distribution, not an express routine confirmation order. Special court orders remain possible; Rule 3132 set-aside petition is due before delivery.	Sheriff’s bill of sale (caption and property description) on purchaser’s request (Rule 3134).
rhode-island (RI)	R.I. Gen. Laws ch. 9-26 (Levy and Sale on Execution), esp. §§ 9-26-12 (goods levied on kept by officer, advertised) and 9-26-13 (public auction; surplus to owner); writ forms §§ 9-25-7, 9-25-8.	Officer holding the writ (§ 9-26-2): superior court writ runs to county sheriffs or deputies (§ 9-25-7); district court writ to sheriff/deputy or town sergeants or constables (§ 9-25-8).	Goods advertised ≥ 10 days before being offered for sale (§ 9-26-12); manner of advertisement not specified in that section. Perishables: officer notifies defendant and may get court order to sell on court-set terms.	Public auction to the highest bidder (§ 9-26-13); place not specified; online not addressed in statute.	Not required by §§ 9-26-12, -13; court order needed only for early sale of perishable goods.	Statute silent.
south-carolina (SC)	S.C. Code tit. 15 ch. 39 art. 7 (judicial and execution sales), esp. §§ 15-39-610 (goods and chattels taken on execution sold by auction if debt unpaid 5 days after taking), 15-39-650, -660, -680, -700, -710.	Sheriff or other officer holding the execution (§ 15-39-610); all judicial sales made by the sheriff unless law provides otherwise (§§ 15-39-630, 15-39-640).	Personal property advertised 15 days (§ 15-39-650): notice naming property, time, place, owner and plaintiff posted at 3 public places incl. courthouse door, plus newspaper publication if one is printed in the county (§ 15-39-660).	Sale by auction for cash (§§ 15-39-610, -710); personalty may be sold any day after 15 days’ advertisement, at place found on levy or other convenient place in the county, 11:00–17:00 (§§ 15-39-680, -690, -700); online not addressed in statute.	Not required by the execution-sale sections; § 15-39-870 makes judicial-sale proceedings res judicata for bona fide purchasers even without confirmation.	Officer must execute a “conveyance” to the purchaser once terms are met (§ 15-39-830).
south-dakota (SD)	SDCL ch. 15-19 (Execution Sales), esp. §§ 15-19-1, 15-19-3 (notice), 15-19-5 to 15-19-7 (personal-property sales); procedure otherwise per Supreme Court rules (§ 15-19-2); levy under ch. 15-18.	Sheriff, constable, or court-appointed referee (§ 15-18-4, “officer”); officers and deputies may not purchase (§ 15-19-33).	Publication once in a legal newspaper in the county ≥ 10 days before sale (title of action, judgment amount, property, terms, time, place); if no legal newspaper, posting in 5 most public places ≥ 10 days (§ 15-19-3). Perishables: court-ordered notice (§ 15-19-4).	Public auction to highest bidder (§ 15-19-7), any day but Sunday, 9:00–22:00, at courthouse front door, any public place in county, or a private place with free public access; goods within view of bidders (§§ 15-19-5, -6); online not addressed in statute.	Not required for personalty in ch. 15-19; confirmation section § 15-19-22 is captioned for real property only.	Statute silent for personal-property execution sales (certificate of sale § 15-19-19 is real property); § 15-18-4 requires a certificate of sale where a judgment directs sale of described property.
tennessee (TN)	Tenn. R. Civ. P. 69; Tenn. Code Ann. §§ 26-5-104, 26-5-115 (full Rule 69; unofficial full code copies identified in module 12).	Sheriff; levy requires control of debtor’s personalty (Rule 69.06).	Newspaper notice at least ten days before sale; perishables exception (Rule 69.06(3)); statutory debtor exemption notice and online republication also apply. Section 26-5-101(b)‘s five-place posting text versus Rule 69 remains ⚠ needs_verification.	Auction (Rule 69.06(3)). Hours and sheriff-set minimum (§§ 26-5-104, 115) ⚠ needs_verification: statute text not lawfully retrievable in the 2026-10-18 final review. General place/online authority ⚠ needs_verification.	⚠ needs_verification for general personalty requirement/standard; do not import land-confirmation rules.	Ordinary goods document/title ⚠ needs_verification. Vehicles: certified court order or execution/return plus sworn compliance affidavit (§ 55-4-119(a)(3)); stock officer assignment (§ 26-5-106) ⚠ needs_verification (text not retrievable).
texas (TX)	Tex. R. Civ. P. 621–656, esp. Rules 649 (sale of personal property) and 650 (notice); Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code ch. 34 (conveyance, § 34.045).	Sheriff or constable — writ “directed to any sheriff or any constable within the State of Texas” (TRCP 629).	Notice posted 10 successive days immediately before sale at the courthouse door of any county and at the place of sale (TRCP 650); no newspaper or mailed-notice requirement in Rule 650. Separate TRCP 679b individual-debtor forms/service suspend sale/distribution fourteen days after service (seventeen by mail), with a sworn-claim stay; Rule 650 alone is not the entire notice rule.	Offered on the premises where levied, at the courthouse door, or another place more convenient to exhibit it; exhibitable goods must be present and in view (TRCP 649); § 34.041(a-1) online power is realty-only, so online-only sale of exhibitable personalty is not authorized (final review 2026-10-18).	Not required by TRCP 649–650.	Officer conveyance under § 34.045 / TN § 501.074, qualified by August 2026 Title Manual p. 16-15: adequate judicial bill, court/vehicle/party/ownership-chain evidence and recorded-lien release; insufficient bill/no Texas record requires court order. Writ alone is insufficient.
utah (UT)	URCP 69B within Rules 64, 64E and 69A–69C. Rule 69B; Rule 64.	Court-designated officer, including sheriff, constable or deputy (Rule 64(a)).	Ordinary goods: post at issuing courthouse and three other public sale-county/city places for seven days; publish once at least one day ahead in a county newspaper of general circulation if one exists. Serve defendant and third parties named by plaintiff/garnishee by initial publication. Perishable goods use reasonable posting; postponement over 72 hours requires renotice (Rule 69B(a)–(c)).	Highest-bidder auction, Monday–Saturday excluding legal holidays, 9 a.m.–8 p.m., publicly convenient place; deliverable goods visible; officer cannot buy. Rule69Bdoes not expressly authorize a wholly-online substitute displacing its public-place/visible-goods conditions; actual officer terms must comply.	Rule 69B(g)–(h) delivers goods/certificate on payment without a separate confirmation step; special asset/court-order requirements must be checked separately.	Officer’s certificate transfers the defendant’s right, title and interest; it is not a blanket free-and-clear certificate (Rule 69B(g)–(h)).
vermont (VT)	12 V.S.A. ch. 111, §§ 2731–2738.	Sheriff under 24 V.S.A. § 293; constables may serve civil process under 24 V.S.A. § 1936a(b)(1); whether that includes levying execution: ⚠ needs_verification.	Public-place posting in the town ≥ 14 days before sale; two successive newspaper publications additionally required if execution ≥ USD 50 and publication cost ≤ USD 2 (§ 2733).	Public auction to highest bidder at advertised public place; specified bulky goods may be sold where kept (§§ 2733–2734). Online authority: ⚠ needs_verification.	None prescribed: ch. 111 has no confirmation step; the officer returns the writ listing each item and price (§ 2737).	No statutory bill of sale; the § 2737 return is the statutory record and vehicle buyers title on proof of the transfer (23 V.S.A. § 2025); § 2692 treats sales of another’s property or disregarding a mortgage as void.
virginia (VA)	Va. Code tit. 8.01 ch. 18, especially §§ 8.01-480, -492–-495.	Levying sheriff/officer holding fieri facias.	Posting ≥ 10 days near owner’s residence if within locality and at ≥ 2 public places in officer’s county/city; court may shorten for perishable/costly goods (§ 8.01-492).	Highest bidder for cash at officer-fixed time/place; no appraisal, minimum bid or deposit scheme, and no express online-only authority (§§ 8.01-490, 8.01-492; § 54.1-600 auction definition). Default permits resale and shortfall liability (§ 8.01-494). Section 8.01-490 permits a Virginia-licensed auctioneer/firm and transport beyond the officer’s locality to its auction site	No: Chapter 18 provides officer sale and return without court confirmation; confirmation applies to decree sales (§ 8.01-113).	Vehicle execution: DMV VLIC-3.360 requires court-sale seizure/release notice, officer bill of sale, VSA17A/17B and VSA5; its law-enforcement column instead uses VSA62. Chapter 18 prescribes no purchaser certificate for ordinary goods; the officer’s return records the sale (§ 8.01-483). Section 8.01-480 preserves prior interests not due; due interests require its notice/payment process
washington (WA)	RCW ch. 6.21; levy under RCW 6.17.130.	Sheriff.	Creditor sends debtor regular and certified return-receipt mail ≥ 30 days before sale, sends debtor’s attorney regular mail, and files affidavit; sheriff posts in 3 county public places ≥ 4 weeks (§ 6.21.020).	Auction 9 a.m.–4 p.m.; manually deliverable goods ordinarily sold in view, in appropriate parcels. Electronic authority expressly covers realty/franchises; it is not a general online-only grant for ordinary manual goods, whose in-view condition remains. A lawful specific order/hybrid must preserve its statutory conditions.	Section 6.21.110 confirmation concerns real estate, not ordinary personalty.	Section 6.21.070 requires a sheriff’s bill of sale acknowledging payment: on request for manually deliverable goods not possessed by a third person, otherwise as prescribed automatically. Do not presume discharge of senior liens.
west-virginia (WV)	W. Va. Code ch. 38 art. 4 (Executions), esp. §§ 38-4-20 (time/place/notice of personal-property sale), 38-4-22 (appraisal), 38-4-23 (method and terms).	Sheriff or other officer holding the fieri facias / venditioni exponas (§ 38-4-20).	≥ 10 days’ notice posted at courthouse door and a conspicuous place near owner’s residence; if property worth USD 500 or more, Class II-0 newspaper legal advertisement (§ 38-4-20).	Sale to highest bidder for cash at time and place fixed by officer (§ 38-4-20); online not addressed in statute.	Not required by § 38-4-20 (officer sells at appointed time; perishable goods may be sold by court order).	No statutory bill-of-sale form; the officer’s return (§ 38-4-16) evidences the sale and vehicle buyers title under § 17A-4-5.
wisconsin (WI)	Wis. Stat. ch. 815 (executions), esp. § 815.29 (notice and manner of sale of personal property).	Sheriff (or coroner if the sheriff is a party or interested) — execution is directed to the sheriff (§ 815.05(1g)(a)).	≥ 20 days’ notice posted in one public place of the town/municipality of sale, plus on the county website if the county maintains one (§ 815.29(1)).	Public auction between 9 a.m. and 5 p.m.; property must be in view of attendees (exceptions for secured-party-held property); sold in lots calculated to bring highest price (§ 815.29(1)); Internet sales are authorized only for DOR and unemployment-insurance warrant agents (§§ 71.91(5)(c)2., 108.22(3)(b)), not sheriff executions.	Not required by § 815.29; court may order perishable property sold on other terms.	The debtor’s interest; goods subject to a security interest are sold subject to the secured party’s rights (§ 815.26). Ch. 815 prescribes a certificate and deed only for real estate (§§ 815.38, 815.55); no personalty buyer document is named.
wyoming (WY)	Wyo. Stat. §§ 1-17-301 et seq., esp. 1-17-312 (notice of execution sale) and 1-17-314 (public auction; private sale).	Officer who levies the execution — the sheriff (§§ 1-17-312, 1-17-319).	≥ 10 days’ public notice by newspaper advertisement in the county (or a newspaper of general circulation there) (§ 1-17-312).	Public auction required, unless the court for good cause orders a private sale for cash after appraisal by 3 disinterested persons or a qualified appraiser, at ≥ 2/3 of appraised value (§ 1-17-314); online not addressed.	No for goods and chattels — confirmation in § 1-17-321 is for “sale of realty”; court order needed only for a private sale (§ 1-17-314).	Sheriff’s bill of sale (§ 1-17-418) or, for shares, an officer’s certificate of sale (§ 1-19-105); the debtor’s interest only (§ 1-17-301).

Table 2 — Debtor protections, vehicle titles and lien sales

Jurisdiction	Post-sale redemption of personalty; vehicle exemption	Vehicle title after execution / court / lien sale	Non-judicial garage, tow and storage lien sales
alabama (AL)	No general post-execution personalty redemption; §§ 6-5-247–248 concern real estate, § 35-11-3 pre-foreclosure lien redemption. Separate vessel/pawn rights remain. CPI/debt-date rule preserved: Treasury’s July 2026 USD 10,225 begins April 1, 2027, not July 2026 (§ 6-10-12); § 6-10-126 concerns waiver protection.	Initiator gives notice TO Revenue at least 35 days before ordinary involuntary transfer, subject to statutory abandoned/divorce/security-agreement and rule manufactured-home exceptions. Available title, transfer proof and designated-agent application remain necessary; new title is not conclusive against prior rights (§ 32-8-46; rule 810-5-75-.14).	Repair attachment §§ 35-11-110–111 differs from abandoned auction. Act 2026-263/HB42 permits immediate towed-vehicle reporting from October 1, 2026. Section 32-13-3/rule .64 require first publication at least 30 days before sale; agency requests 35. First publication at least 35 days before sale satisfies both; separate Department auction report remains at least 35 days before sale.
alaska (AK)	No ordinary post-sale personalty execution redemption: AS09.35.170 delivers on payment; .210 onward concerns realty. Distinct Article9 pre-disposition redemption and court relief remain. Published8AAC95.030 and August2026 CIV-511: vehicle equity USD4,050 only if full value ≤USD27,000; tools USD3,780. Higher 2026 figures are a retrieved proposal, not final adoption. Title9, published rule, CIV-511, proposal.	AS28.10.311–.321: actual involuntary transfer evidence and application; AS28.10.211(d) certified court-order evidence where applicable. V1(03/24), repo826(11/14/2021), lien811(03/2024) are distinct packets, not lien-discharge guarantees. Operative SB239 legally imported old-vehicle exception does not erase brands. Title28, V1, 826, 811, SB239.	General possessory repair/storage sales use AS 34.35.175/.225: three months unpaid, registered-letter debtor notice and three public postings ten days before auction. Business towing under AS 28.10.502 instead has seven-working-day initial owner/primary-lender notice, thirty unclaimed days and twenty-day sale notice, with statutory service requirements. AS 28.10.391 distinguishes tow-lien priority from earlier perfected vehicle-lender priority over repair liens. Official Title 34, Official Title 28.
arizona (AZ)	Personalty is not subject to the real-property redemption rule (§ 12-1626(B)). Vehicle equity bases: USD 15,000 / disability USD 25,000; calculated January 2026 CPI-adjusted amounts USD 16,500 / 27,500 (§ 33-1125(8); derivation below).	Involuntary transfer under § 28-2060; actual 96-0236 R03/26, with channel-specific evidence. Mechanics packet 48-7810 / 46-8503 R07/25 requires record-lien releases; consent to transfer is not itself release.	Agreed-charge garage lien (§ 33-1022), distinct from administrative abandonment. Possession must continue twenty days after charges accrue unpaid; in-county owner then gets ten-day demand, expressly unnecessary for out-of-county residence. Five-day owner sale notice, or two newspaper publications if owner cannot be found (§ 33-1023). No blanket discharge of recorded interests.
arkansas (AR)	Post-sale personalty redemption and execution-specific vehicle exemption needs_verification.	Historical official2021§27-14-907 supplies application, prior title if available and involuntary authority/lien evidence; current agency acceptance remains unresolved. Act41of2023extends the post-transfer vehicle-operation limit to60days without a valid plate; registration expires on transfer, not a sixty-day promise of title. Actual repossession affidavit footer May-08 recovered; a catalog date is not its revision	Official 2021 §§ 27-50-1208–1210: possessory first priority; certified initial notice 2–8 business days; 45-day reclaim period with official-hold qualification; public cash sale by 90 days after perfection or 45 days after hold release, whichever later. Known-party sale notice at least 15 days; newspaper at least 10 days plus board website. Currentness needs_verification. Act932of2025adds qualified cargo/contents release fees credited to the tow invoice, not a universal reduction of the lien or unrestricted transfer of contents.
california (CA)	No fixed statutory ordinary-chattel redemption period found; equitable redemption expressly preserved (§ 701.680(e)). Vehicle exemption USD 7,500 statutory base; actual current EJ-156 gives USD 8,625, effective April 1, 2025 (rev. July 20, 2026).	Veh. Code § 5909 / DMV 11.005: officer sale certificate, available title and conditional lienholder release/REG 256 nonresponse evidence, REG 31/262 and other applicable documents. Administrative review is not itself substantive lien discharge.	Civ. Code § 3068 possessory lien; value over USD 4,000: DMV authorization, owners notified by DMV, 10-day opposition, newspaper ad 5–20 days before sale, 20-day certified notice (§ 3071); USD 4,000 or less: lienholder mails notice, sale 31–41 days out, 10-day posting (§ 3072). Opposition usually requires judgment, but statutory release/unsuccessful-service exceptions exist; protected military service independently requires the applicable court order. Valid-sale lender-discharge questions remain open.
colorado (CO)	No post-sale redemption of personalty (Art. 57; payment to the sheriff before sale, C.R.C.P. 69(c)). Motor-vehicle exemption: up to two vehicles or bicycles, aggregate USD 15,000; USD 25,000 if debtor/spouse/dependent elderly or disabled; excludes boats, ATVs, motor homes (C.R.S. § 13-54-102(1)(j)).	Section 42-6-114 operation-of-law proof and the actual DMV packet control, not a generic receipt. DMV packets (DR2773/2774/2542/2711/2393/2438 in the 2026-10-17 review) were not re-verifiable on 2026-10-18 (dmv.colorado.gov Cloudflare challenge). The fourteen-day application requirement is not a promise of title delivery; recording fee USD 40 under Title 30. No light-trailer title exemption established; current shop threshold conflict remains needs_verification.	Colorado’s nonuniform § 4-9-333(b) grants possessory priority only if the creating statute expressly says so. Titled-vehicle § 42-6-131 protects the specified earlier continuously possessory repair/storage lien; later repair does not automatically outrank financing. Separate article 20 judicial, article 21 retained-property, shop-abandoned and public/private/owner-directed tow routes; rank alone does not decide buyer discharge.
connecticut (CT)	Chapter 906 supplies no ordinary personalty post-sale redemption; completed-sale challenge and unpaid-junior survival remain open, not ‘no remedy.’ Up to two vehicles, aggregate USD 7,000 equity (§ 52-352b(10)).	H-13B application with § 14-181(a) proof and available old title; repossession H-30 (rev. 6-2001). Repairer sale uses H-100A (rev. 2-2018) and H-76 under the actual agency rule. Title issuance alone does not decide every disputed lien.	Bailee/repairer § 49-61 has its own DMV, bond, notice and auction route. Towing instead uses § 14-150c as amended effective October 1, 2026: thirty-day pre-intent period, fifteen-model-year auction distinction, regular sale-notice mail versus dual initial-tow mail, five business days after proposed-sale notice and younger-vehicle advertisement. Public DMV portal starts January 1, 2027; not a current live-portal claim.
delaware (DE)	None: 10 Del. C. chs. 49 and 95 and the court rules provide no post-sale redemption of personalty (full-Code screen, 2026-10-18). Execution exemptions: USD 500 head-of-family personal property (§ 4903); USD 25,000 vehicle exemption in § 4914 applies only in bankruptcy/insolvency.	21 Del. C. § 2506: transfer by operation of law upon execution sale ends registration; transferee must apply to the Department for registration and transfer of title, with instruments of authority or certified copies (§ 2510(e)); general title application MV212. JP constable buyers receive a Bill of Sale and a court order for title.	25 Del. C. ch. 39: garage/tow/storage/marina lien (§ 3901); unpaid 30 days, then Justice of the Peace authorization (§ 3903) with certified-mail notice, 20 days to contest; 15 days’ notice by handbills in 5 public places plus newspaper (§ 3905).
district-of-columbia (DC)	No post-sale personalty redemption under reviewed Title 15 chs. 3/5; § 47-4474(b)‘s 180 days is realty-only, distinct from pre-sale payment. Vehicle exemption USD 2,575 (§ 15-501(a)(1)).	Actual 18 DCMR 401.6/.8/.9 and current-linked DMV-CTA-001: distinguish judicial bill/order, repossession and lien-sale proofs. DPW receipt, OTR tax certificate and private-tow parts-only scrap have separate authority. See district-of-columbia.	§§ 40-102/.103 garage/storage lien: notice to owner/lienholders; thirty-day demand and statutory newspaper/public-auction procedure. Priority, defective-sale conversion and buyer interests must not be replaced by a blanket clean-title assertion.
florida (FL)	Ordinary paid ch. 56 execution: no statutory post-sale redemption interval/price; invalid-sale challenges and special channels remain separate (§§ 45.031(9), 56.25; florida). Motor-vehicle exemption: debtor’s interest up to USD 5,000 in one motor vehicle (§ 222.25(1)).	§ 319.28 operation-of-law proof plus the channel-specific packet: HSMV 82040 MV (mobile homes: MH). Posted DHSMV TL-22 covers sheriff sales; TL-23 repossession, with subordinate-lien notice 82048; TL-25 repair sales; TL-29 agency lost/abandoned sales. Manual dates and current-statute qualifications are in 12.4.	Tow/storage (§ 713.78): approved-service certified lien notice within 5 business days and at least 30 days before sale for older models or 52 days for newer; public cash sale no earlier than storage day 35/57; approved-service website notice at least 20 days before sale. Repair (§ 713.585): lien notice within 7 business days after storage begins and at least 30 days before sale; sale no earlier than 60 days after work completion; newspaper notice at least 15 days before sale.
georgia (GA)	Personalty tax sale is final (§ 48-4-22(c)); article 7 provides no post-sale redemption of personalty; the twelve-month rule is realty-only. Section 44-13-100 vehicle USD 5,000 list applies to bankruptcy and qualifying intestate insolvent estates; ordinary execution uses separate § 44-13-1 with stated tax/purchase-money/labor/material exceptions.	Section 40-3-34 involuntary transfer: available prior title, proof/application, thirty days and separate USD 10 title penalty. Actual DOR court packet: certified order, MV-1, T-7; conditional T-22B/T-158 and description/levy evidence. Repossession: T-16 and conditional contract; abandoned sale: certified order/T-7 and inspection/missing-serial evidence. New title alone is not universal lien discharge.	Full 2019 rewrite, 2021 Act and actual official 2025 supplement retrieved for §§ 40-11-13–19.3. Article’s unqualified days are business days; explicit calendar exceptions control. All defined owners, including secured holders, get applicable notice; petition no sooner than ten calendar days and within six months after notice, court order, public sale with two weekly sale ads, certified-order free-and-clear title. SB 569 shortening/database proposal was vetoed in 2026; not law. Section 40-3-54 mechanic foreclosure is a separate court route: title-noted lender priority, no free-and-clear certificate, sale under the court’s order (see georgia 12.3).
hawaii (HI)	No ordinary personalty post-sale redemption under651PartII;651-40pre-sale satisfaction is distinct. Vehicle exemption USD2,575over liens at wholesale-guide value; separate qualifying trade-use exemption651-121(3). Chapter651.	Haw. Rev. Stat. § 286-52(f): on transfer by operation of law (including execution sale), the sheriff or other representative signs the certificate of ownership and files notice with evidence with the county director of finance. Form ⚠ needs_verification.	Repair507-18normally needs507-19judgment/execution, except507-23permits same-grant private sale at charges≤USD150after3months unclaimed, registered owner letter≥30days and statewide newspaper≥10days before sale. Buyer succeeds to owner title,not universal lender discharge. Tow290-11has its distinct15-day owner mail/30-day unclaimed/advertisement/negotiated-sale route. 507-23.
idaho (ID)	None for personalty under § 11-310; § 11-401 covers property sold subject to its real-property redemption rule. Vehicle exemption USD 10,000 (§ 11-605).	§ 49-514 operation-of-law evidence; ITD 3337 Rev 9/26, execution order/certificate and statutory affidavit/evidence, 3410 Rev 10/23 where required. Repossession 3366 Rev 10/23 is distinct. Prior title liens carry forward absent proper satisfaction/discharge evidence. Current chapter-17 lien-packet blank/revisions remain the documented source limit.	§§ 45-805–806 service/repair routes remain distinct. Qualifying chapter-18 tows, operative Jan. 1, 2026: portal report, ITD owner/lender notice and opposition/hearing resolution, then direct title/junk certificate to tower clear of liens on statutory compliance (§ 49-1807); no mandatory auction. Owner-directed voluntary work is separate.
illinois (IL)	Ordinary chattel execution and its strike-off finality are distinct from 12-122 real-estate redemption and separate consumer reinstatement/lien-sale rights; see illinois for channel scope. Motor-vehicle exemption: debtor’s interest up to USD 3,600 in one vehicle (12-1001(c)).	VSD190 application plus channel-specific evidence: sheriff bill under3-104(h); VSD526.19 lien-sale affirmation where applicable; VSD106.12 Certificate of Purchase supports specified abandoned/impound salvage-junk processing, not universal clean road title. Last title/proof/timing under3-114(a) remain applicable.	45/6 sheriff route differs from qualifying over-USD2,000 public sales under90/3 and small-amount50/2. Filing after delivery back is with county recorder under45/2;45/4 retains specified prior-recorded-lender priority. Vehicle impound buyer/title restrictions are a separate4-201–216 regime.
indiana (IN)	IC 34-55-4-8: conditional encumbered-property redemption for debtor/heirs/assigns if buyer does not discharge encumbrances, for purchase money plus interest; no fixed period stated, not universal redemption. No separate vehicle amount; retrieved rule/court guidance lists USD 12,100 tangible property, not the printed USD 8,000 base; adjusted amounts effective 2022-03-01, next adjustment by 2028-03-01 (750 IAC 1-1-1(c)).	IC 9-17-3-5: buyer of a vehicle sold under an Indiana court order or process, a statute, or operation of law applies to the bureau with written evidence of the order/process; the order may substitute for proof of ownership.	IC 9-22-6-2: repair/storage/towing mechanic’s lien; may advertise if unpaid and unclaimed 30 days; newspaper ad plus certified mail to owner and lienholders; no sale until 15 days after the later of ad or notice; public sale or auction.
iowa (IA)	No ordinary post-sale chattel redemption; § 628.2 distinguishes qualifying real-property leaseholds with two years unexpired from smaller estates; § 628.3 generally one-year realty redemption. Vehicle exemption USD 7,000 (§ 627.6(9)).	§ 321.47 operation-of-law title, prior title or satisfactory ownership evidence, application/USD 30. Any-county processing subject to mobile-home location exception. Actual 411007 (01-25), artisan 411358 (10-23), storage/landlord/self-storage 411361 (02-25); form does not replace legal sale authority.	Ch. 579 vehicle/boat storage: public auction, ten-day owner notice if found in county and three township postings; prior record liens preserved. Ch. 577 artisan sale uses § 554.7308. Abandoned registered vehicles have distinct § 321.89/rule 480 buyer protection and current 2026 notice clocks.
kansas (KS)	None located for personalty; 60-2414 redemption (12 months) is titled and worded for real property. Vehicle exemption: one means of conveyance up to USD 20,000 (60-2304(c)); no cap for vehicles equipped for handicapped persons.	K.S.A. 8-135 ¶(2)(B): when vehicle ownership passes by operation of law or repossession, the owner obtains title by furnishing satisfactory proof of ownership to the county treasurer.	Repair lien K.S.A. 58-201 (lien; file with register of deeds within 90 days if possession surrendered), enforced as UCC security interest (58-202). An already valid bailee lien may use58-208 after six months; that section creates no lien.58-209 has a thirty-day livestock/perishable branch;58-207 separately allows sixty-day feed/care sale.58-211notice and58-212public cash sale remain. Qualifying tow8-1103/1104/1109 uses its own notices and TR-85 compliance packet.
kentucky (KY)	Yes for encumbered property: debtor may redeem real or personal property sold subject to a prior encumbrance by paying the encumbrance plus purchaser’s price with 10% interest (KRS 426.290(4)). Realty execution426.220 and nonexecution judicial426.530 have distinct six-month/two-thirds rules, not ordinary chattel redemption. Vehicle exemption USD 2,500 (KRS 427.010(1)).	KRS 186A.225: Department of Vehicle Regulation sets forms and procedures for transfer by operation of law; general transfer KRS 186A.215. Towers/storage facilities may obtain new title under KRS 186A.145 (per KRS 376.275). Court-order packet: TC96-182(06/2026), sheriff inspection and judge order identifying VIN/transferee; repossession TC96-192(05/2020) and186.045(6) differ.	Repair lien KRS 376.270; sale after charges owed 30+ days, advertised under KRS ch. 424 plus certified/registered mail to owner and interested parties at least 10 days before sale (376.280). Towing/storage376.275: distinct nonpayment, sale-notice and45-day notification-based release conditions; statutory first-ten-day lender notice is not extended by a form instruction; tax liens remain.
louisiana (LA)	Article 2340 permits payment of judgment, interest and costs before adjudication; arts. 2342/2371 supply no post-sale redemption interval or price for this ordinary execution channel. Any asset-specific exception is a supplemental question. Vehicle equity USD 15,000, with statutory conditions for a second vehicle; qualifying adapted vehicle USD 20,000 (R.S. 13:3881(A)(7)–(8), effective August 2026).	Current official OMV index retrieved October 17, 2026 still links Policy 22.00 revised November 3, 2017; actual DPSMV 1799 R05/24 retrieved. Judicial bill/VIN, available prior records and recorded-title-lien release/proof under § 32:712 remain necessary; reconcile art. 2376 cancellation in the actual packet. Section 9:4502(D)‘s private-sale route excludes § 4501 property and requires authentic act and notice/advertising proof.	Section 4501 repair privilege uses sequestration; do not import § 4502’s ten-day pre-sequestration notice. Section 4502(C)‘s additional private sale requires over 90 days unpaid and ten days’ advertising, subject to (D)‘s exclusions. Section 32:1720 initial notice: five business days for electronically supplied records, ten for mailed information. Section 1728 final notice follows its storage-date/consent/age qualifications; not every notice is certified mail. Policy 20.00 (July 8, 2026) identifies ORSV and DPSMV 1821/1822/1820/1976; the buyer takes the owner’s rights while an unpaid security interest continues (R.S. 10:9-315(a)(1)) and recorded mortgages carry onto the new title (§ 32:712); the towing/storage right’s rank against a recorded lender remains needs_verification.
maine (ME)	Ordinary chattels: redeem before sale (§4752); separate exceptions are a mill/building on leased land (§4760: one year,10%) and toll franchise (§4854: three months,12%). Vehicle exemption is debtor equity USD11,800 under JB-24-02, effective2024-10-24: https://www.courts.maine.gov/adminorders/jb-24-02.pdf .	29-A M.R.S. § 665 (involuntary transfers): transferee delivers last certificate (if available), proof of transfer and application for new certificate to Secretary of State; lienholder repossession needs affidavit (§ 665(2)). MVT-2 is paper-only (BMV title FAQ); actual notarized MVT-5 (rev9/2021) must accompany the released/assigned title and is not itself an assignment: https://www1.maine.gov/sos/sites/maine.gov.sos/files/inline-files/MVT-5%20Affidavit%20of%20Repossession.pdf .	Two tracks. (1) Possessory lien (10 M.R.S. §§ 3801, 4001-4008): sold in the manner a written lien contract provides, if there is one (§ 4001); otherwise judicial: lien action in Superior Court (§ 4002), then court-ordered sale by officer “as personal property is sold on execution” (§ 4008). (2) Abandoned/stored vehicles (29-A §§ 1852-1856): notify Secretary of State; State mails owner/lienholder; publication once if no record; Statutory14-day abandonment trigger; agency letter/paperwork21-day period and minimum21 days from possessor notification; separate §1862 independent-entity route requires30 days from pickup-notice postmark. No conclusive unpaid-lender lien discharge established.
maryland (MD)	No post-sale personalty redemption: neither CJP Title 11, Subtitle 5 nor Rules 2-641 to 2-651 provides one; before sale the levy is released on satisfaction or bond (Rule 2-643(a)-(b), 2026 text). USD 6,000 wildcard elected within 30 days; qualifying tools-of-trade/prescribed-health-aid exemptions depend on actual use, so a vehicle is not protected only by the wildcard. Tools USD 5,000; household USD 1,000 (CJP § 11-504).	COMAR 11.15.14.09: court order/writ, title application, newspaper advertisement and sheriff’s bill of sale; MVA refuses without required releases of liens on the previous Maryland title record. Transp. § 13-114 waives the prior owner’s assignment for judicial transfer, not the other evidence.	Com. Law §§ 16-203, 16-207: initial secured-party notice within 30 days (45 boats), before sale notice; 30 days unpaid; public sale 10 a.m.–6 p.m.; weekly newspaper notice for two weeks; registered/certified owner/lender/MVA sale notice at least ten days (MVA for motor vehicles/mobile homes). VR-100 plus current COMAR .08 documents, digital VIN photograph/history report. Missing initial motor-vehicle notice removes the lienor’s storage charges, not repair priority. Third-party storage USD 5/day, USD 300 total, subject to auction-business exception. State Police–initiated towing creates no lien (Com. Law § 16A-101; all motor vehicles from 2026-10-01 under 2026 ch. 527).
massachusetts (MA)	No post-sale redemption: the debtor may redeem only “before such sale” by satisfying the execution (c. 235, § 36). Motor-vehicle exemption: USD 7,500 wholesale resale value; USD 15,000 if the debtor is handicapped or 60 or older (§ 34, Sixteenth).	C. 90D, § 17: last title if available, proof of the transfer and an application in the Registrar’s form (court, execution and lien sales); repossession by the titled lienholder needs its affidavit (§ 17(b)); a new title is not conclusive of old-title owner or lienholder rights (§ 17(c)). Current RMV form identifiers not verified (mass.gov refused access on 2026-10-18).	Garage lien (c. 255, § 25) is enforced by court action to have the vehicle sold if unpaid 10 days after written demand (§§ 26, 29). Police-placed accident tows and police-ordered tows (c. 159B, § 6B lien; c. 255, § 39A sale): registered-mail notice; after 60 days a second notice giving 21 days; public or private sale after 3 successive weeks’ newspaper notice; police chief notified 5 days before; no free-and-clear clause. A § 120D private-property tower may hold the vehicle until paid; sale is by the § 26 court action.
michigan (MI)	No post-sale redemption of ordinary chattels: § 6062’s one-year right is for real estate; a sold toll-corporation franchise may be redeemed within 3 months (§ 6038(7)). Before sale the debtor can pay the excess over the exemption, and property not bid above the exemption is returned (§ 6033). No standalone vehicle exemption: tools of trade, including a vehicle or motor vehicle, up to USD 1,000 (§ 6023(1)(e)).	MCL 257.236a(2)-(4): last title if held, application and the selling officer’s certification on the Secretary of State’s prescribed form (form identifier not verified; michigan.gov not accessed); the new title carries security interests that had priority.	Garage Keeper’s Lien Act, MCL 570.303-.305: within 105 days of the lien, apply to the Department of State for a certificate of foreclosure and bill of sale (USD 10). Certified-mail notice to owner, lienholders and bureau gives 30+ days to pay. Public sale at least 75 days after the certificate date. Public sale does not mean certified mail is the only advertising duty: the full unpublished Kuhn opinion rejected a sale with no public notice; it did not establish a binding statewide newspaper frequency.
minnesota (MN)	Ordinary chattel execution has no general post-sale redemption; the chapter550realty/homestead regime is separate. July2026formal notice: vehicle USD 10,200; disability-use USD 27,500 (Commerce HTML instead27,000); modified USD 110,000; trade-use USD 13,750. Preserve §550.37(4a)(e) reliance protection.	Section168A.12nonvoluntary proof/application; recovered PS2000A-52(06/2026), repo PS2024-14(05/18), release PS2017-13(10/2023). Title components USD 14 plus separate USD 12 filing/other charges. Current impound/salvage-specific blank remains unrecovered; statute and general application are not that blank.	Requested bailee §§514.18–.22: ninety-day nonpayment and applicable public/dealer route; title-listed creditor certified notice45days before sale right. Official impound168B.045/.08 and state-parking16B.58are separate grants; possessory priority is not universal purchaser-discharge immunity.
mississippi (MS)	No general post-completion personalty execution redemption; specific pre-sale redemption/relief remains. Section 85-3-1 places vehicles and tools in ONE USD 10,000 cumulative pool, with additional age-70 USD 50,000 and stated tax/statutory/security exceptions.	§ 63-21-37 plus actual DOR 78-301 (09/17), 78-010 (09/17, surviving-liens field), 78-012 (07/17), 78-009 (09/17) and underlying authority/notice evidence; MDWFP § 59-25-11 separately controls titled boats/motors.	Post-July 1, 2026 § 85-7-251: two-business-day inquiry trigger, approved-vendor certified initial letter by day seven, thirty unpaid days then certified sale letter/ten days, TWO newspaper and website weeks. Chapter 23 abandonment separately requires THREE website weeks despite DOR bulletin. Section 85-7-107 repair court/order and five-day pre-suit certified notice remain; possession-based perfection is not itself sale authority (Cole 2025).
missouri (MO)	No generic post-sale chattel redemption in the retrieved execution provisions; special asset/channel remedies remain distinct. Motor-vehicle exemption: USD 3,000 aggregate (§ 513.430(5), version effective 2022). The version effective 1 Jan 2027 raises it to USD 5,000, plus up to USD 10,000 of unused household-goods exemption.	Officer writing513.150or ownership-awarding court order; DOR Titling Manual§2line28accepts Court Order. Form108has04-2026front/08-2025instructions; actual decree/fees/taxes and surviving liens control.	430.082: qualifying written request; distinct45-day repair-completion/default and storage-accrual predicates, plus actual thirty-day certified owner/lender notice packet1062/5835. Lien title is not the sale; begin430.100proceedings within ten days of title.430.090three-month petty-repair wait is not universal.
montana (MT)	No ordinary personalty post-sale redemption under the reviewed execution provisions; part 8 concerns realty. Vehicle equity USD 4,000; principal-trade tools USD 4,500 under § 25-13-609, with actual limits/exceptions.	Section 61-3-221 application, verified/certified or Article 9A statement and supporting instruments; record-interest notice and at least five days after mailing before title, subject to stated exceptions. Actual MV24AB (2/26), MV1/MV7A (10/26), and vessel MV1A (8/26) are recovered; a form is not independent sale authority.	Service-lien § 71-3-1203 requires 30 days unpaid, action, certified and first-class show-cause service at least 21 days before hearing, judgment to sheriff and public auction using § 25-13-701 notice. Conditional lender priority/waiver is in § 1202. Agister § 1213 instead uses direct sheriff affidavit and separate ten-day owner/other-lienholder notice. Storage and other grants retain their own procedures.
nebraska (NE)	No general ordinary-personalty post-sale redemption period/price in complete chapter25art15;25-1530is land. Pre-sale payment,exemption/third-party claims and actual judgment relief are separate. USD 5,970 vehicle exemption for 2023–2027, not the printed USD 5,000 base (§ 25-1556; Revenue Ruling 2023-1); tools and § 25-1552 personalty use the same adjusted amount.	Current § 60-166 includes the July 18, 2026 amendment: operation-of-law and listed lien/repo routes, proof/application/fee, and recorded liens retained absent satisfaction/extinction proof. DMV storage/repair packet is described in module 12; execution uses actual RV707(7/2018),sheriff bill,applicable odometer and60-166sworn supporting instrument/title or satisfactory substitute; no separate mandatory numbered sheriff blank is invented. Official247NACchapter3post-vesting title-hold currentness remains a separate actual U in nebraska.	Sections 52-601.01–52-605 require 90-day possession and 30-day certified owner/record-interest notice, reasonable-value sale, notified-lien treatment and surplus rules. Separate tow notice within 15 business days under § 60-2410; omission subordinates the tow lien and voids disposition. Pre-sale payoff under § 52-605; full channel conditions in module 12.
nevada (NV)	No general ordinary chattel-execution post-sale redemption under21.170–.230; realty and special livestock/cooperative routes differ. Vehicle equity USD 15,000 under21.090(1)(f), with actual exceptions.	Officer sale/payment certificate, judgment/order and satisfactory ownership proof under482.240/.260/.415; VP-012(9/2026V2) is duplicate-title only, VP-222registration-only; neither is a general execution application. No universal separate execution blank prescribed. Section482.420ends registration, not title. Lien-sale VP-147(10/2026)/VP-201(9/2026V2) and NAC108.110have separate packet/fee/tax duties.	NRS 108.270–.367: owner/lender demand, separate DMV notice, three weekly ads and at least 22 days from first; public commercially reasonable auction, conditional failed-auction private fallback. Section 108.290 uses whole-lien priority tests; vessel § 108.690 differs. Certified towers have § 108.2735 expiry exceptions; purchaser protection and claimant liability remain distinct (§ 108.350).
new-hampshire (NH)	Ordinary chattels redeem BEFORE sale under 528:3 by execution and officer fees; that section creates no post-sale chattel period. Distinct toll-taking franchise under 528:12–14 has THREE MONTHS, buyer outlay plus TWELVE PERCENT interest. Keep current auto10000/tools5000/wildcard1000+7000 amounts; 2026 chapter215 changed retirement/voidable-transfer cross-reference, not these amounts.	TDMV23(07/19) or23B(07/18), fee and actual involuntary-transfer proof. Garage lien Saf-C1914.02 adds lienholder bill of sale,19A VIN(03/22), written acquisition/lien/sale-compliance narrative. Repossession1916 uses16(03/23), assigned title/lien release and rule’s no-title alternative. Abandonment1913 uses22A(03/23), prescribed affidavit,19A/application/fee;71(11/20) is removal/director report, not buyer application. Standalone108/16/handbook PDFs returned403; rule text was fully recovered, not the refused forms. Replacement title remains nonconclusive against former named owner/security holder under261:16III.	Storage450:1 and repair450:2 are independent grants; vehicle/aircraft are asset branches, not extra types. Sixty days unpaid; public sale incorporating444:3/:4/:6. Two town postings14days; owner service14days if county-resident. Above100 publication invokes unqualified444:3 and default21:32 THREE SUCCESSIVE WEEKS/last at least one week before, absent a controlling special schedule. Keep444:4-a inquiries/nonresponse/holder redemption correctly distinguished. Priority requires actual9-333 possession/service conditions and true-owner authorization; no blanket purchaser lien wipe.
new-jersey (NJ)	Post-sale personalty redemption needs_verification. General exemption USD 1,000 plus apparel (§ 2A:17-19); qualifying veteran/service-member/military-spouse households have one vehicle up to USD 30,000 under §§ 2A:17-17.3–17.6, with exceptions/void attempted levy. L.2025 c.326, approved January 20, 2026, covers specified debts/claims from January 1, 2025 without impairing earlier final judgments. Section -24 still literally says USD 500; it does not reduce -19’s USD 1,000, and statewide appraisal reconciliation stays open.	N.J.S.A. 39:10-15: the seizing officer files a notice with the commissioner and the debtor must surrender title papers. On sale, the officer gives the buyer an application for certificate of ownership with copies of the process and notice of sale; the commissioner records the purchase.	N.J.S.A. 2A:44-20 to -31: garage keeper’s lien; detention notice by certified mail (2A:44-21). Public auction no sooner than 30 days after detention, and the sale is expressly “subject to any prior lien, title or interest” under a prior recorded conditional sale or chattel mortgage, so a recorded vehicle lender’s lien survives (2A:44-29). Notice published once a week for 2 weeks, plus at least 5 days’ posting at the garage (2A:44-30). Unclaimed surplus goes to the municipality after 60 days (2A:44-31). Do not export this garage route to 39:10A repair-abandonment or 39:4 private-land sales: actual R5/26 repair packet requires MVC approval/OS-SS-22, and private-land packet approval/OS-SS-137.
new-mexico (NM)	39-5-18/.21 redemption concerns realty, not a borrowed ordinary-chattel period. The2023statutory baselines are vehicle USD10,000/tools USD15,000/wildcard USD15,000. Section42-10-14requires the July1,2025CPI adjustment with actual proceeding-date applicability; the published AOC adjustment sheet/current three amount scalars remain needs_verification. The October2025unadjusted court form is not a verified current-dollar schedule.	66-3-105operation-of-law proof plus actual MVD10002REV05/24and MVDChapter8(Q): certified writ/order, sheriff-signed published notice, sheriff/auctioneer bill, VIN/odometer and applicable inspection/ownership evidence. Existing liens need release or an actual binding lien-free order; ordinary title processing is not a universal lien purge.	NMSA 48-3-1 (repair) and 48-3-19 (towing/storage) liens, enforced under 48-3-13 and 48-3-14. Itemized notice by service or certified mail; 10 days to pay. Then 20 days’ notice of a public auction for cash, by 6 posted handbills or 2 weekly newspaper ads. Vehicles held 14 days (in-state) or 40 days (foreign/unknown registration). Current18.3.12.26adds ownership request within three business days and Form10058owner/lender notice within two business days after identification; noncompliance loses storage charges. Possessory priority under55-9-333alone does not establish buyer discharge.
new-york (NY)	No post-sale redemption of personalty under CPLR article 52; 5236 is realty only. DFS April1,2024 adjusted vehicle equity5500/disabled13625, tools4075, wildcard1325; next2027 (seen 10/17 on dfs.ny.gov, no copy retained; the adjusted amounts are needs_verification in the NY module). Correct indexing statute is CPLR5253, NOT5205(l)(3): https://legislation.nysenate.gov/pdf/laws/CVP5253/ and https://www.dfs.ny.gov/industry_guidance/exemption_from_judgments. Vehicle/government/support and general purchase-price/work-judgment exceptions still apply.	VTL2115(a) last title if available, transfer proof/application; title-only MV82TON(5/25). Garage/tow MV901A/B(6/21), instructionsMV901C(2/26); repoMV950(1/19)/MV909(11/24) (DMV forms seen 10/17, no copies retained; dmv.ny.gov blocked automated requests 2026-10-18; form fields U in the NY module). Involuntary title not conclusive,2115(c). Abandoned906A/bill/MV907A formats retrieved in labeled unofficial15NYCRR18.5/.6; current official threshold/packet reconciliation U. See NYmodule12.	Lien184/201/201-a/202: release AFTER30 days FROMACCRUAL voids against pre-accrual security interests, even briefly; not release lasting30 days. Police notices5working/20days; compliant late notice supports storage from mailing, not automatic entire-lien invalidity.201 personal-service diligence before fallback certifiedRRR ANDfirst-class. Publication only after actual payment deadline, twice weekly, sale15days after first. Court remedies distinguish valid lien/invalid sale, limited storage, and conversion on particular records.
north-carolina (NC)	Ordinary Article29B chattel execution: no post-sale redemption right; §1-339.57 concerns pre-sale satisfaction, and §1-339.64 upset bids concern realty only. This does not govern Article29A private judicial-sale confirmation/upset procedures. Motor-vehicle exemption: debtor’s interest up to USD3,500 in one vehicle (§1C-1601(a)(3))	Execution packet: Commissioner notice LT-261 plus order; buyer LT-265, copy LT-261 and MVR-1 (2026 DMV Title Manual, printed55). Section20-77(a) also requires authority/application and title if available; §1-339.62 supplies the officer’s bill of sale. Other packets (Title Manual, 17th ed. rev. March 2026): court-order transfers, MVR-1 with order and last title (printed58; lien release required for judicial-proceeding sales); mechanic/storage lien sales, SHP ISU-260/262/264/266/263 file, no lien release (printed55); city abandoned vehicles, LT-265 stamped “junked” for individuals plus inspection and MVR-1 (printed61)	G.S. 44A-2(d) lien. Sale allowed after 10 days unpaid (towing/storage) or 30 days (repairs). Certified-mail notice gives 10 days to request a hearing (§ 44A-4(b)). Public sale needs 20 days’ notice, courthouse posting and 2 weekly newspaper ads (none under USD 3,500). Private sale needs 30 days’ mailed notice.
north-dakota (ND)	None for personalty: ch. 28-24 is titled “Redemption of Real Estate”. Motor-vehicle exemption: one vehicle up to USD 10,000 over liens, or USD 50,000 if modified (USD 1,500+) for a permanent disability (28-22-03.1(2)).	39-05-19involuntary evidence is distinct from39-05-20substitute title. Actual SFN2872and repoSFN2880print4-2026; repo also needs manual pp32–33title/assignment/odometer and applicable releases. Ordinary paid-buyer substitute title remains subject to liens; insurer-total-loss and insurer-requested-dealer retention branches have specific free-and-clear predicates plus express nonconclusive-issuance/review rules. No universal lender purge.	NDCC ch. 35-13 repairman’s lien. 10 days’ written notice of intent to foreclose, by registered or certified mail to owner and lienholders, giving the date after which the property will be sold (35-13-05). Nonjudicial disposition follows UCC Article 9 (35-13-07). Publication not required in ch. 35-13.
ohio (OH)	Ordinary statutory redemption in2329.33 concerns real estate, not a general post-chattel-sale right; invalid-sale challenges remain separate. Current adjusted vehicle exemption USD5,025, April1,2025–March31,2028; codified3,225 is a base, not the current amount (§2329.66(B)). Section2329.661 exceptions remain	ORC 4505.10(A): for a transfer by operation of law, including an execution sale or a sale to satisfy storage or repair charges, the common pleas clerk issues a title. Required: surrendered title (or proof), an affidavit and a copy of the journal entry/court order, plus fee and application.	Conditional clerk-title routes, not generic garage auctions:4505.101(A)garage fifteen days runs from SENDING notice; towers’ sixty days runs from receipt/undeliverable notice. Separate dealer-removal fourteen-day stage precedes tower notice under4513.602/.603. Do not turn one branch’s clock into universal automatic lien lapse/title
oklahoma (OK)	No ordinary post-execution chattel redemption period; pre-foreclosure lien redemption and State-purchase tax exception remain distinct. Vehicle exemption USD 7,500 (31 O.S. § 1(A)(13)).	47 O.S. § 1107(B): operation-of-law ownership on satisfactory Service Oklahoma proof, even if no prior title issued. Actual officer sale evidence/order and title application; no invented special sheriff blank. See oklahoma for current forms and surviving liens.	42 O.S. §§ 91/91A: distinguish active title liens, manufactured-home exception and actual notice branches. Section 91 ordinary storage, contractual sixty-day lookback, sale notices and agency court-hold receipt requirements are qualified in the notes below. No Sunday possessory-lien sales.
oregon (OR)	ORS 18.962 supplies no ordinary-chattel statutory buy-back; manufactured dwelling redemption requires sale with land. Vehicle exemption USD 10,000, or USD 3,000 for specified support/restitution judgments (ORS 18.345).	Sheriff’s bill of sale under ORS 18.940; transfer-by-law proof/assignment under ORS 803.094(2)(a), with application 735-226 (DMV packet 735-6828). Secured-party repossession is separate: 735-263 and handbook G6–G7.	Common ORS 87.152–87.162 route: 60-day hold under 87.172(1), subject to its animal and other exceptions; appraised tow/storage vehicles have 30/15-day low-value holds under (3). Private ORS 98.812(4) incorporates 87.172(3), not the generic 60-day hold; public ORS 819.210 has a separate 30-day nonreclamation trigger. Owner mail notice at least 30 days (15 for qualifying low-value tows); courthouse and applicable possession-place posting; newspaper once weekly for two successive weeks at USD 1,000 value, or USD 2,500 for abandoned vehicles; county-of-possession sale (ORS 87.186, .192). Separate secured-party notices under 87.196.
pennsylvania (PA)	Post-sale redemption of personalty: ⚠ needs_verification. No motor-vehicle exemption found; general USD 300 exemption, claimable in kind or cash (42 Pa.C.S. § 8123; Rule 3123).	MV-217 option 1 plus MV-1, certified judgment/writ or sale order, executing-officer bill with date/buyer/make/VIN and existing-lien satisfaction evidence. Judicial ownership award is option 3, UCC repossession option 2; licensed financial institutions have separate MV-217A. Statutory transfer-by-law proof under § 1114 remains necessary.	Garages/repair shops report vehicles unremoved 15 days to the Department (75 Pa.C.S. § 7311); certified-mail notice gives 30 days to reclaim (§ 7305), publication if owner unknown; then salvor’s public auction, abandoned-branded title (§§ 7307, 7308). General Acts 300 (1925), 6 P.S. 11–14, and 965 (1864), 6 P.S. 15–17, are now recovered in full. Shrey/current § 9333 support qualifying repair priority without lender repair consent; ordinary towing validity, current summary-sale/hearing, FAA overlays and purchaser effects remain distinct/open. Section 9617 is not automatically an excluded services-lien auction rule; no universal clean-title auction is asserted. MV-217 has no option for an artisan or storage auction buyer; the available packet is option 3 (certified common-pleas ownership order with proof of notice) (bounded final review 2026-10-18).
rhode-island (RI)	Owner may pay debt plus costs during the ≥ 10-day advertisement period and have goods restored (§ 9-26-12); no general post-sale chattel period in9-26-12/13; realty-only44-53-11is separate. Exemption: motor vehicles up to aggregate USD 12,000 (§ 9-26-4(13)).	Transfer other than voluntary: transferee mails/delivers to Division of Motor Vehicles the last title (if available), proof of transfer and application for new title (§ 31-3.1-14).	Existing common-law/contractual lien may use superior-court sale after thirty-day unpaid demand,34-35-1–5; §6preserves other lawful remedies. No lien for bare automobile storage is invented. Certificated-tower39-12.1-9, dry-dock34-46and self-storage34-42nonjudicial sales have their own notice, title and surplus rules; not every garage sale is court-only. Garage-abandoned vehicles (> 10 days after registered-mail notice) reported to police, who notify by registered mail, allow 3 weeks to reclaim, then public auction with bill of sale; the auction buyer takes title “free and clear of all liens and claims of ownership” (§§ 31-42-3 to -5; § 31-42-4(a)).
south-carolina (SC)	No general statutory post-sale redemption for ordinary chapter39chattel execution; presale payment opportunity and special-channel rights differ. July2026exemptions: vehicle USD 8,000, tools USD 2,400, conditional unused-exemption wildcard USD 8,000; equity, not automatic whole-asset exemption.	Involuntary transfer requires the applicable §56-19-390proof/affidavit and application. Section390(2)‘s lienholder-successor resale clause differs from ordinary execution; §410makes title issuance nonconclusive. Abandoned-vehicle §56-5-5640has a separate express discharge rule.	Section29-15-10ordinary repair/storage: registry/lender search, prescribed owner/lender notice and thirty-day wait; magistrate auction after fifteen-day township posting, USD 1minimum and ninety-day surplus holding. Aircraft §29-15-100(b) instead incorporates chapter9Common Pleas enforcement; no universal magistrate route.
south-dakota (SD)	One-year redemption (§§ 15-19-17, -23) is captioned and worded for real property; personalty redemption: ⚠ needs_verification. No specific motor-vehicle exemption found; head of family may select USD 7,000 of personalty (USD 5,000 if not) (§ 43-45-4).	Ownership passing by operation of law, judicial sale, repossession or other proceedings: owner obtains title from the department on satisfactory proof, even if no title ever issued (§ 32-3-6).	Section44-11-1expressly excludes motor vehicles as defined32-3-1; do not sell them under a fictional universal mechanic/storage lien. The specific unpaid-repair route32-3-67–69uses actual owner/insurer/lender lookup, certified notices and distinct30-day sending/receipt/reclaim clocks. Its mandatory public auction and entitled excess-proceeds rules apply after actual vesting predicates. Establish valid priority and bound interests; no universal absolute-title purge. General44-11/ch21-54remedies for qualifying other personalty remain separate.
tennessee (TN)	General post-sale personalty redemption ⚠ needs_verification. Qualifying resident may select USD 10,000 aggregate personal-property equity (§ 26-2-103), including vehicle equity; separate dedicated vehicle allowance ⚠ needs_verification. Additional trade tools USD 1,900 (§ 26-2-111(4)).	Section 55-4-119(a)(3): application, certified order/execution with return, seller’s sworn compliance affidavit, title if available and other reasonably required information. General RV-F1315201 application; lien/repo/abandoned RV-F1312101 packets differ. No universal lien-discharge rule inferred from a form.	Section 66-19-103 plus §§ 66-14-102–106: garagekeeper 30-day/artisans route (2026 code bill); ten-day demand under § 66-14-103 ⚠ needs_verification (text not retrievable); general artisans two weekly publications/15 days from first, or six postings/ten days where applicable. Portal transition and one-ad agency/statute conflict ⚠ needs_verification. Abandoned § 55-31-303 free-and-clear receipt rule is distinct. 2026 Pub. Ch. 661 enacted-bill/adopted-amendment evidence and July 2026 clerk guidance checked; signed-image comparison remains pending.
texas (TX)	No execution-personalty redemption found in reviewed TRCP 621–656/CP ch. 34; pre-sale payment/delivery bond are distinct. Exemption: one motor vehicle per licensed (or dependent non-licensed) family member or single adult (Prop. Code § 42.002(a)(9)), within the ch. 42 aggregate cap of USD 100,000 for a family or USD 50,000 for a single adult, net of liens (Prop. Code § 42.001(a); current official PR ch. 42 independently retrieved 2026-10-17).	TN § 501.074 plus actual channel packet. Judicial sale: manual 16-15 requirements above. Repair/storage/VSF/self-storage use distinct 130-U plus VTR-265-M/FM/S/VSF/SSF and supporting notice/release evidence; agency title processing is not universal lien discharge.	PR § 70.006 motor-vehicle repair: certified owner/title-lender notice; non-franchised worker county filing/fee/content/inspection rules are not universal garage requirements. Proposed sale date is required if applicable. Independent-repairer thirty-one-day filing clock differs from VTR-265-FM mailing/publication instruction; that official-source reconciliation remains unverified. Repair-only versus storage-fee release requirements also differ.
utah (UT)	Rule69C concerns realty,not ordinary personalty post-sale redemption. Vehicle USD3,000/trade tools USD5,000 with actual exclusions and no double vehicle exemption; no unrestricted wildcard under78B5.	Officer69Bcertificate/document of authority plus actual TC656Rev7/26 (vessels TC656VRev5/26) and512/.705ownership/lien/tax/brand evidence; no invented special sheriff blank or title-acceptance guarantee. TC839RRev3/24 repair and TC569BRev12/12 repossession are distinct. Unreleased security carries unless actually released/discharged. Current Title41; TC656; TC656V.	Requested repair38-2-3is subordinate to secured parties unless they requested work;38-2-4permits public/commercially reasonable private sale with30daycertified notice,45days after work and conditional20daypublication. TC839Rgenerally requests publication proof: obtain the packet proof rather than assume statutory exception guarantees acceptance. No express warehouse-style good-faith buyer cure; chapter2surplus follows the labelled limited-charge inference: preserve entitled residual proceeds, without inventing an express general remittance deadline or importing the clothing-service forfeiture. Separate self-storage38-8and qualifying warehouse70A-7a-209/210have their actual priority/sale/title/surplus rules; no new marina/hangar grant per asset. Private towing72-9-603notice,fee,release and actual DMVdisposal predicates are distinct. Title38; TC839R; Title70A; Title72.
vermont (VT)	No post-sale personalty redemption: ch. 111 allows satisfaction only before the sale (§ 2734). Vehicle interest exemption USD 2,500 aggregate under 12 V.S.A. § 2740(1).	23 V.S.A. § 2025: prior title if available, transfer proof and application; secured repossession requires the specified affidavit. Issuing a replacement title is not conclusive against prior owner/lienholder rights.	Artisan §§ 1951–1954: three months unpaid, public auction, ≥ 10-day postings/owner notice, nonresident publication, surplus within 10 days or town-treasury deposit; disputed-charge tender can require suit. Self-storage §§ 3904–3905 separately establish notice/advertising sale authority and ≥ 21-day registered-lender notice. 23 V.S.A. § 1753 authorises municipal-ordinance tow and storage liens but confers no sale power; unclaimed vehicles route through the abandoned-vehicle certificate (§§ 2151–2156).
virginia (VA)	Post-sale personalty redemption: none in Title 8.01 Chapter 18 (pre-sale payment or § 8.01-526 forthcoming bond only). Section 34-26 protects qualifying trade assets up to USD 10,000 and other motor vehicles up to USD 10,000; perfected security interests retain statutory priority.	Section 46.2-633 requires application, prior title/registration if available and transfer evidence. Current § 46.2-644.03(E), (F) provides certification/application routes producing title free of prior liens/ownership claims for compliant private and court-ordered lien sales.	Section 46.2-644.03: ≤ USD 12,500 private public-cash auction; over USD 12,500 through USD 25,000 requires general district court, above USD 25,000 circuit court. Private route includes DMV certified notice with 15-day reclamation and concurrent ≥ 21-day electronic posting. Judicial notice does not replace service; SCRA requirements remain applicable.
washington (WA)	RCW 6.23 concerns realty; Snohomish’s personalty procedure states no redemption. Vehicle exemption USD 15,000 aggregate under RCW 6.15.010.	RCW46.12.670(2): last title if available, transfer proof and application within fifteen days; sheriff bill plus TD-420-001. No universal extra sheriff supplement established. Actual court-award WAC308-56A-320, repossession420-042and repair420-072are different packets; superior interests removed only by applicable law/order.	RCW 46.55.130: tow auction after 15 days from custody/sale notice mailing; publication 3–10 days before auction. Ch. 60.08: repair-lien filing within 90 days after delivery to owner. RCW 60.10.040 clears selling/junior interests but expressly preserves superior liens, including their carry-forward onto vehicle title. A compliant46.55tow auction terminates prior registered/legal ownership under WAC308-61-190(1), with operator-generated Abandoned Vehicle Report–Affidavit of Sale plus420-001; a defective sale does not imply universal buyer immunity.
west-virginia (WV)	No post-sale redemption of personalty in ch. 38, arts. 4, 6 or 8 (the 180-day tax-levy redemption in § 11-10-13e is limited to real estate). Debtor may demand appraisal; if cash bids under 2/3 of appraised value, property re-offered on 4- and 8-month credit (§ 38-4-23). Exemption: one motor vehicle up to USD 5,000 (§ 38-8-1).	Involuntary transfer: new owner obtains title on application with last title (if available) and documents sufficient by law to evidence the transfer (§ 17A-4-5, “transfer by operation of law”).	Possessory lien for repair/storage/transport (§§ 38-11-3, 38-11-4); written notice by personal delivery or registered/certified mail with ≥ 7-day demand; absent an owner-agreed enforcement method, the lienor must assert the right to sell in court (§ 38-11-14) — judicial, not self-help; the lien is discharged unless suit is filed within 30 days after the notice is delivered (§ 38-11-14); an agreed method may be enforced as agreed (drake-v-west-virginia-self-storage-1998).
wisconsin (WI)	None found — statutory redemption (§ 815.39) is “redemption of real estate”. Exemption: motor vehicles up to USD 4,000 aggregate, increasable by unused household-goods amount (§ 815.18(3)(g)).	Involuntary transfer: last title if available, channel-specific DOT evidence and application (§ 342.17); MV1 (10/2026) title USD 214.50; USD 10 lien notation, not a release fee. DOT carries unreleased lenders forward for storage and landlord transfers; issuance is nonconclusive (§ 342.17(3)). Generic execution-buyer document name remains unverified.	Repair and storage liens use the Article 9 route of § 779.48(2), not every low-value tow or junk branch. The 2026 DATCP repair and tow priority allowances and the USD 1,090 vehicle-value tow route threshold replace the printed amounts for services from January 1, 2026; see wisconsin. Small bailee liens on property worth USD 100 or less use the separate three-month route of § 779.48(1).
wyoming (WY)	None found — Title 1 ch. 18 redemption is “Sale and Redemption of Realty”. Exemption: motor vehicle value up to USD 5,000 (§ 1-20-106).	Transfer by operation of law (including execution sale): sheriff/creditor/successor forwards to county clerk a title application plus verified statement of the involuntary transfer (§ 31-2-104(c)); same for mobile homes (§ 31-2-504(c)).	Possessory lien for repair, storage, towing (§ 29-7-101; towers and self-storage expressly included); enforced by public or private commercially reasonable sale after certified-mail notice to all known claimants; a good-faith buyer takes free of the rights of persons against whom the lien was valid, even if the lienor did not comply with the notice rules (§ 29-7-105(e)), but not necessarily of every senior interest. No fixed day count in § 29-7-105.

Guam supplement

The two main tables cover the fifty states and DC. This independently reviewed execution supplement does not imply territory-wide lien/title readiness; guam carries the remaining administrative, lien, agency and case limits. Other territories remain in their jurisdiction modules, not silently counted as completed rows here. Sources below were retrieved in full on 2026-10-17.

Jurisdiction / law	Officer	Notice	Conduct	Confirmation	Buyer document / interest
guam — 7 GCA ch. 23, §§ 23103, 23109, 23113–23122; GRCP 69	Superior Court Marshal (7 GCA § 8106)	Nonperishable personalty: three public postings, 5–10 days; perishables: reasonable time (§ 23113). GRCP 69(f) adds mailed exemption notice for third-party-held property.	Auction to highest bidder, 9 a.m.–5 p.m., in the district containing the property or part; goods in view/lots (§ 23115). Retrieved court form specifies cash; ch. 23 makes payment precede delivery (§§ 23119–23120) and provides no online, deposit or credit terms (bounded final review 2026-10-18).	No separate ordinary-personalty confirmation prescribed by §§ 23119–23122; Rule 60 relief is separate. Receiver confirmation-hearing notice follows CVR 66.1(f)(2), not this ordinary execution route.	Delivery and optional certificate for tangible goods; certificate for intangible personalty (§§ 23119–23120). Debtor’s rights at levy, not guaranteed clear title; see the module’s senior-interest and statutory-exception analysis.

Notable outliers

• Court confirmation of personal-property sales. Kansas: K.S.A. 60-2415 requires the sheriff to return “all sales made under this article” for confirmation and lets the court refuse a substantially inadequate bid or set an upset price. Elsewhere confirmation was found to be limited to real property (e.g., Wash. RCW 6.21.110, Or. ORS 18.948, N.C. G.S. § 1-339.67, Md. Rule 2-644(d), Neb. § 25-1531, Wyo. § 1-17-321). Ohio’s entered confirmation bars further set-aside motions, not direct appeal; a mandatory statewide chattel-confirmation rule remains unverified. Pennsylvania lets the court set a sale aside before delivery (Pa.R.C.P. 3132).
• Redemption of personalty after sale. Kentucky: the debtor may redeem property sold subject to a prior encumbrance by paying the encumbrance plus the price with 10 percent interest (KRS 426.290(4)). California: a sale is absolute, but a 90-day action lies when the judgment creditor is the buyer (Code Civ. Proc. § 701.680). California garage-lien sales of vehicles over USD 4,000 carry a 10-day post-sale redemption (Civ. Code § 3071). Maine and Massachusetts expressly allow redemption only before the sale. New Hampshire RSA 528:3 expressly allows pre-sale redemption; broader post-sale personalty rights remain needs_verification. Nevada’s separate livestock-appraisal route permits one-year redemption for appraisal plus 25%, not an ordinary execution right (NRS 108.560).
• Price floors and credit sales. Two-thirds-of-appraisal rules in Iowa (§ 626.93), Louisiana (C.C.P. art. 2336), Ohio, and West Virginia (§ 38-4-23, with credit re-offer); three-month credit sales in Arkansas (§ 16-66-413) and Kentucky (KRS 426.490) when the debtor did not use a stay or replevy bond; bidders over USD 2,500 may elect credit in California (§ 701.590).
• Online sales. Express statutory authority for online sheriff auctions of personal property was found in Louisiana (C.C.P. art. 2344) and Oklahoma; Oregon authorizes internet posting of the notice (ORS 18.920(5)); Washington’s electronic-media auction authority covers real property and franchises only (RCW 6.21.050).
• Unusual officers. Marshals in the District of Columbia; state marshals or constables in Connecticut; constables in Texas, Nevada, Utah and South Dakota (which also allows a referee); a coroner when the sheriff is a party or interested (Wisconsin, Minnesota).
• Fixed sale days. Georgia sheriff’s sales are generally held on the first Tuesday of the month at the courthouse, subject to statutory exceptions (perishables, livestock by consent, alternative sites) and local marshal practice (Fulton personalty: first and third Mondays).

Underwriting facts for buyers

1. Title is quitclaim-quality. The buyer takes the debtor’s interest only — Texas CPRC § 34.045 and Utah R. Civ. P. 69B(g) convey “all right, title, and interest” the defendant had; Alabama (§ 6-9-142) and Georgia put title and soundness risk on the purchaser. Senior perfected liens generally survive (e.g., Connecticut; Kansas 60-2406), and in Kentucky an encumbered item stays redeemable. Do not infer that every junior lien survives: California § 701.630 has an express execution-sale discharge rule and a separate § 720.260 exception.
2. Check the vehicle exemption before bidding. An exempt vehicle should not be sold; amounts range from about USD 2,500 (Vermont, Kentucky) and USD 2,575 (DC, Hawaii) to USD 15,000 listed amounts (Washington, Louisiana, Nevada) and USD 20,000 (Kansas). Arizona’s USD 15,000 base is USD 16,500 calculated for January 2026; several states index their figures. Some (Maryland, Michigan, Pennsylvania, South Dakota, and New Jersey apart from its USD 30,000 military-household vehicle exemption) have no vehicle-specific exemption.
3. Short-notice states produce thin bidding — and more challenge risk. Where notice is 48 hours to 6 days (ME, MA, NH, NJ, NY, PA), defects in posting are the most likely ground for a set-aside motion; Ohio sets aside a sale made without proper notice.
4. Price-floor states can kill a cheap bid. In Iowa and Louisiana the first offering cannot close below two-thirds of appraisal; in West Virginia that floor applies only when the debtor has demanded an appraisal (W. Va. Code §§ 38-4-22, 38-4-23), and a cash bid is accepted unless a credit bid is higher; in Ohio a sale under R.C. 2329.15 “shall not be sold for less than two thirds of its appraised value” (no re-offering exception in that section); in Michigan partly exempt property bid at or below the exemption goes back to the debtor; in Kansas the court can refuse confirmation for an inadequate bid.
5. Get the right paper for the title office. Ask the officer for a bill of sale or certificate of sale even where the statute makes it optional. Oregon18.940(1) requires a bill for intangibles and property not in sheriff possession; for tangible property delivered by the sheriff,it is supplied on request. Pennsylvania provides one on request; North Carolina when the clerk requires it. The motor-vehicle agency’s involuntary-transfer section is the route to a new title.
6. Lien-sale title depends on strict notice compliance. Several DMVs will not issue title without proof of the statutory notice (Texas § 501.074(c), Delaware court proceeds form, Connecticut prior notice to the DMV Commissioner); New York garage-lien vehicles worth under USD 500 sold to a dismantler cannot be re-titled.

▸ For Investors / Operators — The columns that change acquisition risk are confirmation (Kansas), price floors (IA, LA, OH, WV, MI), surviving senior liens and encumbered-property redemption (KY), the vehicle-exemption amount, and the title-office paperwork for involuntary transfers. Lien-sale vehicles carry a separate risk: a defective owner or lienholder notice can block the title application.

▸ For Former Owners — Many of the retrieved statutes let the debtor stop the sale by paying the execution and costs before it is held, and to claim exemptions (including a vehicle exemption where one exists) within the statutory period; the retrieved statutes typically direct surplus proceeds to the debtor after the judgment and costs. The state citation list identifies the exemption and surplus sections.

Citations by jurisdiction

Each list gives the provision, the URL retrieved, and the table cells it supports (A statute · B officer · C notice · D manner of sale · E confirmation · F buyer’s document · G redemption/exemption · H vehicle title · I lien sale).

Alabama (AL)

• Ala. Code § 6-9-80 — https://alison.legislature.state.al.us/code-of-alabama?section=6-9-80 (text via site’s GraphQL API https://alison.legislature.state.al.us/graphql) — cells A,B
• Ala. Code § 6-9-86 — https://alison.legislature.state.al.us/code-of-alabama?section=6-9-86 — cells A,D
• Ala. Code § 6-9-87 — https://alison.legislature.state.al.us/code-of-alabama?section=6-9-87 — cells A,C
• Ala. Code § 6-9-88 — https://alison.legislature.state.al.us/code-of-alabama?section=6-9-88 — cells A,C
• Ala. Code §§ 6-9-140, 6-9-141, 6-9-142 — https://alison.legislature.state.al.us/code-of-alabama?section=6-9-140 / 6-9-141 / 6-9-142 — cells A,F
• Ala. Code § 6-9-147 — https://alison.legislature.state.al.us/code-of-alabama?section=6-9-147 — cells A,E
• Ala. Code §§ 6-5-247, 6-5-248 — https://alison.legislature.state.al.us/code-of-alabama?section=6-5-248 — cells G
• Ala. Code § 6-10-6 — https://alison.legislature.state.al.us/code-of-alabama?section=6-10-6 — cells G
• Ala. Code § 32-8-46 — https://alison.legislature.state.al.us/code-of-alabama?section=32-8-46 — cells H
• Ala. Code § 32-13-3 — https://alison.legislature.state.al.us/code-of-alabama?section=32-13-3 — cells H,I
• Ala. Code §§ 32-8-84, 32-13-1 — https://alison.legislature.state.al.us/code-of-alabama?section=32-8-84 / 32-13-1 — cells I
• Ala. Code §§ 6-10-1, 6-10-12, 6-10-126 — https://alison.legislature.state.al.us/code-of-alabama?section=6-10-1 / 6-10-12 / 6-10-126 — cells G
• Alabama Treasury CPI adjustment table — https://treasury.alabama.gov/resources/consumer-price-index-law/ — cells G
• Ala. Code §§ 35-11-110–35-11-111 — https://alison.legislature.state.al.us/code-of-alabama?section=35-11-110 and https://alison.legislature.state.al.us/code-of-alabama?section=35-11-111 — cells I
• Alabama Rule 810-5-75-.14, full official PDF — https://admincode.legislature.state.al.us/api/rule/810-5-75-.14 — cells H
• Alabama Revenue abandoned-vehicle instructions — https://www.revenue.alabama.gov/motor-vehicle/unclaimed-abandoned-motor-vehicle-law-and-procedures/ — cells H,I

Notes (reconciled 2026-10-17): Caveat emptor applies (§ 6-9-142). The USD 7,500 personal-property exemption is a statutory base: Treasury’s July 2023 adjustment is USD 9,400, subject to debt/claim dates; the July 2026 table’s USD 10,225 applies from April 1, 2027, not immediately on publication (§§ 6-10-1, 6-10-12). Section 6-10-126 separately limits exemption waiver. Involuntary-transfer notice goes TO Revenue and has exceptions; new title is not conclusive against prior rights (§ 32-8-46). Judicial repair attachment differs from abandoned auction/title, including bonded/nonbonded sellers. HB42, Act 2026-263 permits immediate towed reporting from October 1, 2026. First publication at least thirty-five days before sale satisfies the statute/rule thirty-day minimum and agency thirty-five-day instructions; the separate Department auction report remains due at least thirty-five days beforehand. Full rule 810-5-75-.64, operative code and identified enactments were reconciled in the scoped Alabama review. Code came from actual full public GraphQL bodies, not client-rendered shells; global real-estate material and future enactments are not certified here.

Alaska (AK)

• AS 09.35.030, .060, .070, .100 — https://www.akleg.gov/basis/statutes.asp?media=print&secStart=09.35.030&secEnd=09.35.250 — cells A,B
• AS 09.35.110 — https://www.akleg.gov/basis/statutes.asp?media=print&secStart=09.35.110&secEnd=09.35.110 — cells A
• AS 09.35.140 — https://www.akleg.gov/basis/statutes.asp?media=print&secStart=09.35.140&secEnd=09.35.140 — cells C,D
• AS 09.35.150 — https://www.akleg.gov/basis/statutes.asp?media=print&secStart=09.35.150&secEnd=09.35.150 — cells A,D
• AS 09.35.160 — https://www.akleg.gov/basis/statutes.asp?media=print&secStart=09.35.160&secEnd=09.35.160 — cells A
• AS 09.35.170 — https://www.akleg.gov/basis/statutes.asp?media=print&secStart=09.35.170&secEnd=09.35.170 — cells A,B,F
• AS 09.35.180 — https://www.akleg.gov/basis/statutes.asp?media=print&secStart=09.35.180&secEnd=09.35.180 — cells E
• AS 09.35.210–.250 — https://www.akleg.gov/basis/statutes.asp?media=print&secStart=09.35.030&secEnd=09.35.250 — cells G
• AS 09.38.020 — https://www.akleg.gov/basis/statutes.asp?media=print&secStart=09.38.020&secEnd=09.38.020 — cells G
• AS 28.10.311 — https://www.akleg.gov/basis/statutes.asp?media=print&secStart=28.10.311&secEnd=28.10.311 — cells H
• AS 28.10.321 — https://www.akleg.gov/basis/statutes.asp?media=print&secStart=28.10.321&secEnd=28.10.321 — cells H
• AS 34.35.175 — https://www.akleg.gov/basis/statutes.asp?media=print&secStart=34.35.175&secEnd=34.35.175 — cells I
• AS 34.35.220, .225 — https://www.akleg.gov/basis/statutes.asp?media=print&secStart=34.35.220&secEnd=34.35.220 and …secStart=34.35.225 — cells I
• Full official Titles 28 and 34 — https://www.akleg.gov/statutesPDF/Title-28.pdf and https://www.akleg.gov/statutesPDF/Title-34.pdf — cells H,I
• Alaska Courts CIV-511, August 2026, item 40 — https://public.courts.alaska.gov/web/forms/docs/civ-511.pdf — cells G
• Alaska DMV lien-sale instructions and Form 826 — https://dmv.alaska.gov/vehicle-services/lien-sales/ and https://dmv.alaska.gov/media/jbon15mj/826.pdf — cells H,I

Notes (reconciled 2026-10-17): Officer and deputies may not buy (AS 09.35.150); sale postponements are limited to one week each (AS 09.35.160). August 2026 CIV-511 lists USD 4,050 vehicle equity only if full value does not exceed USD 27,000, replacing the outdated USD 3,000/USD 20,000 account; a possible later October 2026 adjustment remains needs_verification. Form 826 and DMV lien-sale instructions were retrieved, but documentation alone does not prove all liens discharged. General possessory repair/storage uses the three-month route (AS 34.35.175/.225); business towing is separate, with seven-working-day initial notice, thirty unclaimed days and twenty-day sale notice (AS 28.10.502). AS 28.10.391 distinguishes tow priority from earlier perfected vehicle-lender priority over repair liens. Service must follow the statute, not only simplified agency instructions.

Arizona (AZ)

• A.R.S. § 12-1559 — https://www.azleg.gov/ars/12/01559.htm — cells A,B
• A.R.S. § 11-441 — https://www.azleg.gov/ars/11/00441.htm — cells B
• A.R.S. § 12-1621 — https://www.azleg.gov/ars/12/01621.htm — cells A,C,D
• A.R.S. § 12-1622 — https://www.azleg.gov/ars/12/01622.htm — cells A,D,E
• A.R.S. § 12-1624 — https://www.azleg.gov/ars/12/01624.htm — cells A
• A.R.S. § 12-1625 — https://www.azleg.gov/ars/12/01625.htm — cells A,E,F,G
• A.R.S. § 12-1626 — https://www.azleg.gov/ars/12/01626.htm — cells G
• A.R.S. § 33-1125 — https://www.azleg.gov/ars/33/01125.htm — cells G
• A.R.S. § 28-2060 — https://www.azleg.gov/ars/28/02060.htm — cells H
• A.R.S. § 33-1022 — https://www.azleg.gov/ars/33/01022.htm — cells I
• A.R.S. § 33-1023 — https://www.azleg.gov/ars/33/01023.htm — cells I
• A.R.S. § 22-131(A), (D) — https://www.azleg.gov/ars/22/00131.htm — justice-court constable; retrieved 2026-10-17.
• Actual ADOT packets — https://apps.azdot.gov/files/mvd/mvd-forms-lib/96-0236.pdf (R03/26), https://apps.azdot.gov/files/mvd/mvd-forms-lib/48-7810.pdf and https://apps.azdot.gov/files/mvd/mvd-forms-lib/46-8503.pdf (R07/25) — retrieved 2026-10-17; general application and channel-specific mechanics evidence/releases, not universal clear title.
• CPI derivation for § 33-1125(8): August CPI-U all-items indexes 296.171 (2022), 307.026 (2023), 314.796 (2024), 323.976 (2025), from full BLS releases https://www.bls.gov/news.release/archives/cpi_09132023.htm, https://www.bls.gov/news.release/archives/cpi_09112024.htm, https://www.bls.gov/news.release/archives/cpi_09112025.htm, retrieved 2026-10-17. Apply each successive August ratio to the previous rounded amount and round upward to USD 100: ordinary vehicle 15,000 → 15,600 → 16,000 → 16,500; disability vehicle 25,000 → 26,000 → 26,700 → 27,500. These are statutory calculations, not an agency-issued dollar table; August 2026 does not control until January 2027.

Notes: Buyer must pay full bid plus fees within five working days or the officer offers the property to the second-highest bidder (§ 12-1624). Selling officer may not bid (§ 12-1622(C)). Garage lien sale notice is short (5 days) and the 10-day demand is skipped if owner lives outside the county. Abandoned/towed vehicles follow a separate ADOT abandoned-vehicle report and transfer-of-ownership process (A.R.S. § 28-4838, https://www.azleg.gov/ars/28/04838.htm). All text retrieved from azleg.gov.

Arkansas (AR)

• Ark. Code §§ 16-66-402, -408, -409, -413, -420 — https://law.onecle.com/arkansas/title-16/16-66-402.html and corresponding 16-66-408.html, 16-66-409.html, 16-66-413.html, 16-66-420.html — cells A,B,C,D,E,F (unofficial historical copies, last modified 2016; present currentness unverified)
• Ark. Code §§ 27-14-907, 27-50-1208–27-50-1210 — https://www.labor.arkansas.gov/wp-content/uploads/ACT-300-Book-2021.pdf — cells H,I (official 2021 compilation, not certified current consolidation)
• Ark. Code § 16-66-218 — https://codes.findlaw.com/ar/title-16-practice-procedure-and-courts/ar-code-sect-16-66-218/ — cells G (earlier unofficial FindLaw text dated 2024-03-28; execution-specific exemption applicability remains unverified)

Notes (reconciled 2026-10-17): Official Lexis access was unavailable; no restriction was bypassed. Execution rules rely on dated unofficial 2016 text, not current primary consolidation. Section 16-66-402 concerns real-estate levy certificates, not a general personalty officer grant. Section 16-66-413 qualifies ready-money sales with three-month secured credit where a stay right exists but is unused; § 16-66-420 provides an on-request debtor-interest instrument. The official 2021 motor-vehicle compilation supplies the involuntary-title and tow rules, with currentness still unresolved. Tow sale is due by ninety days after lien perfection or forty-five days after official hold release, whichever is later; the reclaim period also has the official-hold qualification. Current DMV acceptance, personalty redemption and execution-specific vehicle exemption remain needs_verification.

Additional enacted/form evidence: Act41of2023,§4 changes §27-14-907’s post-transfer operation limit to60days without a valid registration plate; it is not a title-processing guarantee. The complete DFA repossession affidavit prints May-08. Act932of2025,§4 adds qualified cargo/contents release provisions:20%/5% invoice-based release fees are credited against the invoice, not universal total-lien caps. Current consolidated-code/complete-packet questions in arkansas remain.

California (CA)

Independent reconciliation, 2026-10-17: full official code/export members and nightly increments through October 16, plus relevant enacted-law bodies, were retrieved and examined in the California review. The older unofficial-source provenance below is preserved, not falsely described as a new failed retrieval. Actual EJ-156, rev. July 20, 2026, page 2, gives USD 8,625 under § 704.010, effective April 1, 2025. The parent’s normal complete PDF retrieval confirms that figure. Its different bankruptcy table must not be substituted for ordinary execution exemptions. The current module distinguishes § 701.680(e) equitable redemption, § 701.630 discharge / § 720.260 claims, and military court-order protections. These are not a final California merits or scoring clearance; its composite is unscored.

• Cal. Code Civ. Proc. § 701.510 — https://california.public.law/codes/ca_civ_proc_code_section_701.510 — cells A
• Cal. Code Civ. Proc. § 680.260 — https://california.public.law/codes/ca_civ_proc_code_section_680.260 — cells B
• Cal. Code Civ. Proc. § 701.530 — https://california.public.law/codes/ca_civ_proc_code_section_701.530 (also summarized via https://codes.findlaw.com/ca/code-of-civil-procedure/ccp-sect-701-530.html) — cells C
• Cal. Code Civ. Proc. § 701.570 — https://california.public.law/codes/ca_civ_proc_code_section_701.570 — cells D
• Cal. Code Civ. Proc. § 701.590 — https://california.public.law/codes/ca_civ_proc_code_section_701.590 — cells D
• Cal. Code Civ. Proc. § 701.680 — https://california.public.law/codes/ca_civ_proc_code_section_701.680 — cells E,G
• Cal. Code Civ. Proc. §§ 701.640, 701.650 — https://california.public.law/codes/ca_civ_proc_code_section_701.650 ; https://california.public.law/codes/ca_civ_proc_code_section_701.640 — cells F
• Cal. Code Civ. Proc. § 729.010 — https://california.public.law/codes/ca_civ_proc_code_section_729.010 — cells G
• Cal. Code Civ. Proc. §§ 704.010, 703.150 — https://california.public.law/codes/ca_civ_proc_code_section_704.010 ; https://california.public.law/codes/ca_civ_proc_code_section_703.150 — cells G
• Cal. Veh. Code § 5909 — https://california.public.law/codes/ca_veh_code_section_5909 — cells H
• CA DMV Vehicle Industry Registration Procedures Manual § 11.005 Attachment Sales — https://www.dmv.ca.gov/portal/handbook/vehicle-industry-registration-procedures-manual-2/transfers/attachment-sales/ — cells H
• Cal. Civ. Code §§ 3068, 3071, 3072 — https://california.public.law/codes/ca_civ_code_section_3068 ; https://california.public.law/codes/ca_civ_code_section_3071 ; https://california.public.law/codes/ca_civ_code_section_3072 — cells I

Historical notes from the earlier pass; current corrections above supersede stale amounts and retrieval limits: Host note: leginfo.legislature.ca.gov, Justia and FindLaw blocked automated retrieval (Cloudflare/403); statute text taken from california.public.law, which reproduces leginfo text (pages cite leginfo, verified Oct. 12, 2026). Sale of an individual’s goods must wait until the exemption-claim period (§ 703.520(a)) expires (§ 701.530(d)). Sole-vehicle rule: if debtor has only one vehicle, USD 7,500 of proceeds is exempt without a claim (§ 704.010(d)). Exemption dollar figures shown are the statutory text; Judicial Council publishes adjusted amounts (not retrieved). Lien sales over USD 4,000 give owner a 10-day post-sale redemption right (§ 3071(k)); sealed bids barred; vehicle on view 1 hour before sale. Equitable right of redemption preserved by § 701.680(e).

Colorado (CO)

• C.R.S. §§ 13-52-102, 13-52-109, 13-52-111 — https://leg.colorado.gov/sites/default/files/images/olls/crs2024-title-13.pdf (official CRS 2024 PDF, Title 13) — cells A,B,D
• C.R.S. §§ 13-57-101, 13-57-102, 13-57-103 — same Title 13 PDF; also https://colorado.public.law/statutes/crs_13-57-101 — cells A,B,C,D
• C.R.S. § 13-56-201 — same Title 13 PDF — cells C,D,E
• C.R.S. § 13-54-102(1)(j) — same Title 13 PDF — cells G
• C.R.S. § 42-6-114 (and § 42-3-115(3), registration expires on transfer by execution) — https://leg.colorado.gov/sites/default/files/images/olls/crs2024-title-42.pdf — cells H
• C.R.S. §§ 38-20-106, 38-20-107, 38-20-108, 38-20-109, 38-20-112, 38-20-116 — https://leg.colorado.gov/sites/default/files/images/olls/crs2024-title-38.pdf — cells I
• C.R.S. §§ 42-4-2103, 42-4-2104, 42-4-2107 — crs2024-title-42.pdf (above) — cells I

Notes (independent-review integration 2026-10-17): Current full 2026 Titles 4/13/38/39/41/42 and actual Rules 66/69 replace the earlier nonretrieval assumptions; official rule compilation date remains disclosed in colorado. The chattel statute incorporates the manner of notice, not automatically all land-sale place/hour terms; the former statewide 9-a.m.-to-sunset assertion is withdrawn. Colorado § 4-9-333(b) reverses the uniform possessory-lien presumption, requiring express statutory priority. Moorehead actually concerns backhoes and extinguishes prior liens on a valid county personalty-tax sale; notice/federal issues remain distinct. Article 20, article 21, tow and shop-abandonment routes and current DMV packets must not be merged.

• Independent primary follow-up: https://olls.info/crs/crs2026-title-04.pdf ; https://olls.info/crs/crs2026-title-13.pdf ; https://olls.info/crs/crs2026-title-38.pdf ; https://olls.info/crs/crs2026-title-39.pdf ; https://olls.info/crs/crs2026-title-41.pdf ; https://olls.info/crs/crs2026-title-42.pdf ; https://content.leg.colorado.gov/sites/default/files/images/olls/crs2023-court-rules.pdf ; https://law.justia.com/cases/colorado/supreme-court/1977/c-1081.html ; actual DR2438 https://dmv.colorado.gov/sites/default/files/documents/DR2438_2022.pdf ; DR2773 https://dmv.colorado.gov/sites/default/files/documents/DR2773.pdf ; DR2774 https://dmv.colorado.gov/sites/default/files/documents/DR2774_2022.pdf ; DR2908 https://dmv.colorado.gov/sites/dmv/files/documents/DR2908.pdf .
• Bounded final review 2026-10-18: all 2026 C.R.S. titles re-retrieved (bytes unchanged) — https://content.leg.colorado.gov/agencies/office-legislative-legal-services/2026-crs-titles-download ; levy notice §§ 13-55-101 to -103 and writ binding § 13-52-111 added; no appraisal/minimum bid and no confirmation for chattel execution sales; DMV form details not re-verified (Cloudflare challenge). See colorado 12.1, 12.3A and 12.4.

Connecticut (CT)

• Conn. Gen. Stat. §§ 52-350a, 52-352b, 52-356a — https://www.cga.ct.gov/current/pub/chap_906.htm — cells A,B,C,D,E,F,G
• Conn. Gen. Stat. §§ 14-181, 14-183 — https://www.cga.ct.gov/current/pub/chap_247.htm — cells H
• Conn. Gen. Stat. § 49-61 — https://www.cga.ct.gov/current/pub/chap_847.htm — cells I

Notes (independent-review integration 2026-10-17): Ordinary execution retains twenty-day notice, commercial reasonableness, senior secured interests and the 15% officer fee; those findings are not universal title-discharge rules. Actual H-13B, H-30 (6-2001), H-100A (2-2018) and operative RCSA 14-137-111 were retrieved. Towing uses § 14-150c as amended by P.A. 26-24 § 37, effective October 1, 2026, not old dollar branches or former § 14-150(g). New H100 prints 11-2026 despite October 17 retrieval and H114 prints 10-2026; the directory separates pre/post-October tows. The public portal mandate begins January 1, 2027. Full enacted source: https://www.cga.ct.gov/2026/act/pa/pdf/2026PA-00024-R00SB-00413-PA.pdf .

• Current official primary mirrors, actual forms and operative rule retrieved 2026-10-17: https://www.cga.ct.gov/current/pub/chap_906.htm ; https://www.cga.ct.gov/current/pub/chap_247.htm ; https://www.cga.ct.gov/current/pub/chap_847.htm ; https://portal.ct.gov/-/media/DMV/20/29/h13bpdf.pdf ; https://portal.ct.gov/dmv/-/media/DMV/20/29/h30pdf.pdf ; https://portal.ct.gov/-/media/DMV/20/29/h100apdf.pdf ; https://eregulations.ct.gov/eRegsPortal/Browse/getDocument?guid=%7B6A426BD3-81D3-4277-8538-DE70D4403673%7D .

• Bounded final review 2026-10-18: all General Statutes chapter pages and 2026 Supplement pages for cited chapters re-retrieved from https://www.cga.ct.gov/ (validated certificate); enacted P.A. 26-24 https://www.cga.ct.gov/2026/act/pa/pdf/2026PA-00024-R00SB-00413-PA.pdf ; module score 318 (connecticut 12.10). Execution findings unchanged: buyer takes the debtor’s interest subject to senior interests; unpaid-junior survival (CT-E02) and completed-sale challenges remain needs_verification.

Delaware (DE)

• 10 Del. C. §§ 4971–4977 (ch. 49 subch. V) — https://delcode.delaware.gov/title10/c049/sc05/index.html — cells A,B,C,D,E,F

• 10 Del. C. §§ 4902, 4903, 4914 (ch. 49 subch. I) — https://delcode.delaware.gov/title10/c049/sc01/index.html — cells A,G

• 21 Del. C. § 2506 — https://delcode.delaware.gov/title21/c025/index.html — cells H

• 25 Del. C. §§ 3901–3909 — https://delcode.delaware.gov/title25/c039/index.html — cells I

• Bounded final review 2026-10-18: all 31 Delaware Code title PDFs (current through 85 Del. Laws c. 518) — https://delcode.delaware.gov/ ; Porter-Way full opinion https://static.case.law/a2d/300/cases/0008-01.json ; MV212 https://services.dmv.de.gov/forms/veh_serv_forms/pdfs/mv212.pdf ; module score 302 (delaware 12.10). Kent and New Castle sheriff pages refused automated requests (HTTP 403) and are not relied on.

Notes: Delaware imposes a 30-day hold after levy before goods can be sold, on top of 10-day posted notice (Superior Court writs; §§ 4971–4972 exclude JP and Common Pleas process). Officers cannot buy at their own sale (§ 4975, double-value penalty). Garage lien sales need a Justice of the Peace authorization (or judgment or owner release), and DMV will not issue title without proof of the court disposition-of-proceeds form filed within 10 days (§ 3905(c)). Lien under ch. 39 is superior to prior perfected security interests (§ 3907).

District of Columbia (DC)

• D.C. Code §§ 15-311, 15-312, 15-314, 15-315, 15-316, 15-317, 15-318–15-323 — https://code.dccouncil.gov/us/dc/council/code/sections/15-311 (and sibling section URLs) — cells A,B,C,D,E,F
• D.C. Code § 15-501 — https://code.dccouncil.gov/us/dc/council/code/sections/15-501 — cells A,G
• D.C. Code § 40-102 — https://code.dccouncil.gov/us/dc/council/code/sections/40-102 — cells I
• D.C. Code § 40-103 — https://code.dccouncil.gov/us/dc/council/code/sections/40-103 — cells I

Current title/remedy follow-up: 18 DCMR 401, current-linked application, § 47-4474, DPW § 50-2458, OTR § 47-4476 and private towing § 50-2705. Full Rule401download is a genuine Word body from its public download action, not an assertion that the section-index HTML alone contains the operative text. bullock-v-young-1955 concerns the garage/lender release, not an actual auction; kearns-v-mcneill-bros-moving-storage-1986 reverses a bench dismissal for new trial and does not finally award willful-conversion damages.

Notes: DC requires appraisal by two sworn appraisers and cash-only public auction (§ 15-314). Notice is short (10 days). If title fails for a procedural defect, the buyer is subrogated to the creditor’s rights but gets no refund from the creditor (§ 15-316). Garage storage add-on is capped at USD 3/day or USD 21/week for up to 90 days (§ 40-102); excessive-lien sale is conversion (§ 40-103(b)).

Florida (FL)

• Fla. Stat. §§ 56.061, 56.21, 56.22, 56.25, 56.27 — http://www.leg.state.fl.us/statutes/index.cfm?App_mode=Display_Statute&URL=0000-0099/0056/0056.html — cells A,B,C,D,E,F
• Fla. Stat. § 222.25 — http://www.leg.state.fl.us/statutes/index.cfm?App_mode=Display_Statute&URL=0200-0299/0222/Sections/0222.25.html — cells G
• Fla. Stat. § 319.28 — http://www.leg.state.fl.us/statutes/index.cfm?App_mode=Display_Statute&URL=0300-0399/0319/Sections/0319.28.html — cells H
• Fla. Stat. § 713.78 — http://www.leg.state.fl.us/statutes/index.cfm?App_mode=Display_Statute&URL=0700-0799/0713/Sections/0713.78.html — cells I
• Fla. Stat. § 713.585 — http://www.leg.state.fl.us/statutes/index.cfm?App_mode=Display_Statute&URL=0700-0799/0713/Sections/0713.585.html — cells I

Notes (Florida cells rechecked 2026-10-17): Execution-sale notice is four weekly newspaper insertions with a 30-day minimum from the first ad; no weekend sales (§§ 56.21–56.22). The levying creditor supplies the lien-search affidavit and receives USD 500 liquidated expenses in the statutory distribution order (§ 56.27). Tow-sale public notice is on the approved third-party service’s website at least 20 days before sale, separately from the mailed lien notice; the new title is discharged of liens unless a court orders otherwise (§ 713.78(4), (6)). Repair sales retain the newspaper-publication requirement (§ 713.585(4)). These channels must not be conflated; Florida module 12 supplies the detailed timelines and exceptions. The §§ 56.21, 56.27, 713.78 and 713.585 section texts were retrieved from Online Sunshine on 2026-10-17; this update does not reverify other states’ cells.

Florida follow-up: the two comparison cells now reflect the sourced ordinary execution/no-routine-confirmation/no-post-sale-redemption distinction, rather than an obsolete unlocated-code label. florida-flagship-state-bank-v-carantzas-1977 also supplies nonpayment/no-title and specific unpaid-instrument/improper credit-bid vacatur grounds. Current §§ 56.25/56.22 were retrieved/read again; this does not establish a universal challenge deadline or deposit-forfeiture penalty, or reinstate the case’s historical writ-delivery priority system.

Georgia (GA)

• O.C.G.A. §§ 9-13-140, 9-13-141, 9-13-160, 9-13-161, 9-13-161.1, 9-13-162, 9-13-167, 9-13-173, 9-13-174 (Official Code of Georgia Annotated, Vol. 7A, 2015 edition, released by Georgia under the Open Records Act via Public.Resource.Org) — https://archive.org/download/gov.ga.ocga.2024/T09%20Ch12-16%20%28V7A%29%202015.txt — cells A,B,C,D,E,F

• O.C.G.A. § 44-13-100 (OCGA Vol. 32, 2022 edition, same source) — https://archive.org/download/gov.ga.ocga.2024/T44%20Ch8-15%20%28V32%29%202022.txt — cells G

• O.C.G.A. § 40-3-34 (OCGA Vol. 28A, 2024 edition, same source) — https://archive.org/download/gov.ga.ocga.2024/T40%20Ch1-5%20%28V28A%29%202024.txt — cells H

• Independent 2026-10-17 retrievals: full 2019 R73 code archive https://law.resource.org/pub/us/code/ga/gov.ga.ocga.2019.08.21.release.73.zip (older law); official Title 9 supplement https://www.legis.ga.gov/api/document/docs/default-source/joint-features-document-library/t9-ch12-17-(v7a)-pdf.pdf?sfvrsn=201e3996_0; official 2025 Title 40 supplement https://www.legis.ga.gov/api/document/docs/default-source/joint-features-document-library/t40-ch6-16-%28v29%29-pdf.pdf. These supplement, not invalidate, the actual older-volume retrievals above; complete 2026 consolidation remains unverified.

• 2026-10-18 bounded final review: current section texts https://georgiacommons.org/code/9-13-161.md (and each cited section) and the official 2026 amendment index https://www.legis.ga.gov/api/document/docs/default-source/general-statutes/sumdoc2026_finalb6de4f3e-b2e8-49d5-bc38-34c4f39c2207.pdf — cells A–I.

• Full HB 1344 https://gov.georgia.gov/document/2026-signed-legislation/hb-1344/download — §§ 13-1, 16-1: secured-holder credit bidding begins January 1, 2027, not the review date. See georgia for actual enactment/veto and section-level sources; the vetoed SB 569 is not current abandoned-vehicle law.

• Actual local procedure https://fultoncountyga.gov/inside-fulton-county/fulton-county-departments/marshal/marshals-sales — Fulton Marshal personalty instructions, not a statewide override. Actual court-title packet https://dor.georgia.gov/after-court-action-title and full motor-vehicle manual https://dor.georgia.gov/document/document/motor-vehicle-online-manual/download — retrieved 2026-10-17.

Notes: The ordinary Title 9 route differs from equity-decree confirmation (§ 23-4-35), tax personalty finality/bill of sale (§ 48-4-22) and DOR Internet/sealed-bid powers (§ 48-2-55). The bankruptcy/qualifying-estate exemption list in § 44-13-100 must not replace ordinary § 44-13-1. Lien-sale title effects are channel-specific; a new vehicle certificate alone does not establish universal lien discharge. The module supplies full section-level retrieval provenance and remaining legal questions.

Hawaii (HI)

• Haw. Rev. Stat. §§651-41–52 — https://data.capitol.hawaii.gov/hrscurrent/Vol13_Ch0601-0676/HRS0651/HRS_0651-0043.htm and actual official https://data.capitol.hawaii.gov/hrscurrent/Vol13_Ch0601-0676/HRS0651/HRS_0651-0045.htm — cells A–G; old Wayback-only fallback superseded by full official recovery.
• Haw. Rev. Stat. § 651-121 — https://data.capitol.hawaii.gov/hrscurrent/Vol13_Ch0601-0676/HRS0651/HRS_0651-0121.htm — cells A,G
• Haw. Rev. Stat. § 286-52 — https://data.capitol.hawaii.gov/hrscurrent/Vol05_Ch0261-0319/HRS0286/HRS_0286-0052.htm — cells H
• Haw. Rev. Stat. §§ 507-18, 507-19 — https://data.capitol.hawaii.gov/hrscurrent/Vol12_Ch0501-0588/HRS0507/HRS_0507-0018.htm (and -0019) — cells I
• Haw. Rev. Stat. § 290-11 — https://data.capitol.hawaii.gov/hrscurrent/Vol05_Ch0261-0319/HRS0290/HRS_0290-0011.htm — cells I,H

Notes (Hawaii,October18,2026): Ordinary507-19repair enforcement is judicial,but507-23expressly permits the same-grant≤USD150/three-month/30-day-registered-letter/10-day-publication private-sale exception. It conveys the owner’s title,with the statutory proceeds/unclaimed-money rules; it is not a universal lien wipe. Private towing290-11has separate notice,wait,advertisement and disposition predicates. Actual official651-45was recovered; no Wayback-only limitation remains for that provision. See hawaii for current Act73vehicle-weight-tax30-day redemption/30-day public notice/USD500low-value exception,not the old10-day/USD250rules.

Idaho (ID)

• Idaho Code §§ 11-301 to 11-313 — https://legislature.idaho.gov/statutesrules/idstat/title11/t11ch3/sect11-302/ (and sibling sect11-3xx URLs) — cells A,B,C,D,E,F,G
• Idaho Code § 11-401 — https://legislature.idaho.gov/statutesrules/idstat/title11/t11ch4/sect11-401/ — cells G
• Idaho Code § 11-605 — https://legislature.idaho.gov/statutesrules/idstat/title11/t11ch6/sect11-605/ — cells A,G
• Idaho Code § 49-514 — https://legislature.idaho.gov/statutesrules/idstat/title49/t49ch5/sect49-514/ — cells H
• Idaho Code §§ 45-805, 45-806 — https://legislature.idaho.gov/statutesrules/idstat/title45/t45ch8/sect45-805/ (and sect45-806) — cells I

Notes: Idaho has very short execution notice for goods (5 to 10 days posted, or 1 to 2 weeks published), and the posting period has a maximum as well as a minimum. Personal-property execution sales are absolute (redemption is tied to real property in § 11-310). A repairer’s lien beats prior security interests only if the secured party got registered-mail notice at least 3 days before work began (§ 45-806). A buyer who loses the property because of sale irregularities can have the judgment revived in their name (§ 11-312).

Current title/tow follow-up: §49-514, §49-1807, July2026 ITD guide, 3337, 3410 and 3366, full bodies retrieved2026-10-17local. The printed revision, not URL upload year, controls form identification. Direct chapter-18 tower title is not the superseded auction procedure still appearing in older administrative guidance.

Illinois (IL)

• 735 ILCS 5/12-158 — https://ftp.ilga.gov/ILCS/Ch%200735/Act%200005/073500050K12-158.html — cells A,B,D
• 735 ILCS 5/12-112 — https://ftp.ilga.gov/ILCS/Ch%200735/Act%200005/073500050K12-112.html — cells A
• 735 ILCS 5/12-113 — https://ftp.ilga.gov/ILCS/Ch%200735/Act%200005/073500050K12-113.html — notes
• 735 ILCS 5/12-162 — https://ftp.ilga.gov/ILCS/Ch%200735/Act%200005/073500050K12-162.html — cells B
• 735 ILCS 5/12-166 — https://ftp.ilga.gov/ILCS/Ch%200735/Act%200005/073500050K12-166.html — cells A,C
• 735 ILCS 5/12-167 — https://ftp.ilga.gov/ILCS/Ch%200735/Act%200005/073500050K12-167.html — cells D
• 735 ILCS 5/12-168 — https://ftp.ilga.gov/ILCS/Ch%200735/Act%200005/073500050K12-168.html — cells A,E
• 735 ILCS 5/12-169 — https://ftp.ilga.gov/ILCS/Ch%200735/Act%200005/073500050K12-169.html — cells A,B
• 735 ILCS 5/12-119 — https://ftp.ilga.gov/ILCS/Ch%200735/Act%200005/073500050K12-119.html — cells F
• 735 ILCS 5/12-122 — https://ftp.ilga.gov/ILCS/Ch%200735/Act%200005/073500050K12-122.html — cells G
• 735 ILCS 5/12-1001 — https://ftp.ilga.gov/ILCS/Ch%200735/Act%200005/073500050K12-1001.html — cells G
• 625 ILCS 5/3-114 — https://ftp.ilga.gov/ILCS/Ch%200625/Act%200005/062500050K3-114.html — cells H
• 770 ILCS 45/1, 45/2, 45/6 — https://ftp.ilga.gov/ILCS/Ch%200770/Act%200045/077000450K1.html (and K2, K6) — cells I

Notes: Short 10-day posting-only notice, no newspaper. Judgment creditor must levy on personal property last unless creditor is a municipality (12-113). Debtor may keep goods by posting a delivery bond for double the judgment (12-162). Officer fraud in sale or return carries 5x damages (12-168). 45/6 is the sheriff route; qualifying90/3 and small-amount50/2 sales are distinct. The independent2026-10-17review recovered complete Vehicle Code4-201–216 and the actual SOS forms; impound disposal has restricted/salvage-junk outcomes with4-215exceptions, not universal clean road title. 12-1001 exemptions apply only to individuals and personal-use property.

Illinois follow-up: the actual full Perkins and Craddick opinions supply payment/ordinary-strike-off distinctions, not a generic judicial-sale confirmation rule. Current §3-104(h) requires the vehicle sheriff bill; transfer/impound routes still differ. §12-1001 prints before/after versions: use the P.A.104-120version effectiveJan1,2026, not its older2,400vehicle/1,500tools text. The current vehicle/tools figures are3,600/2,250subject to the section’s actual category/use limits. Retain genuine earlier retrieval provenance; later interactive-site access denials are distinct from full authorized public-repository retrievals. The PublicNoticeIllinois terms do not grant automated collection/database/commercial reuse without the stated authorization. Posting-only execution notices need not appear there. See illinois for the actual current/effective rules, full source evidence and qualified case-treatment status.

Indiana (IN)

• IC 34-55-6-2, -3, -10, -11, -12, -14, -17, -18, -19 — https://iga.in.gov/ic/2025/Title_34.html (official IGA code file, retrieved via browser rendering; direct download blocked) — cells A,B,C,D,E,F
• IC 34-55-11-1 — https://iga.in.gov/ic/2025/Title_34.html — cells G
• IC 34-55-10-2 — https://iga.in.gov/ic/2025/Title_34.html — cells G
• IC 9-17-3-5 — https://iga.in.gov/ic/2025/Title_9.html — cells H
• IC 9-22-6-2 — https://iga.in.gov/ic/2025/Title_9.html — cells I

Notes: Personal property must be physically present and visible at the sale, which on its face points to in-person auctions. On petition the court must order an auctioneer-run sale if economically feasible or all creditors agree (IC 34-55-6-3). A sale is void if the sheriff or the sheriff’s agent buys (34-55-6-17). Buyer who fails to pay is liable for price plus up to 10% damages, or the property is resold and the first buyer pays any shortfall (34-55-6-18, -19). The mechanic’s-lien seller may itself bid (9-22-6-2(g)) and must first follow the IC 9-22-1-19 search procedure (not retrieved). The exemption amounts printed in 34-55-10-2 apply until replaced by a Department of Financial Institutions rule; current rule amounts were not retrieved.

Indiana independent follow-up,2026-10-17: full official TrialRule69, Rule60 and Rule24 plus actual BMV forms and the complete dated IC34-55-4-8reproduction support the new qualified cells. Prior browser-rendered code provenance is preserved; repeat 2026IGA/IARrequests returning application shells are not new full statutes. The actual 2026court manual, p.47 corroborates USD12,100tangible/USD450intangible amounts, with its own body update dates. The missing Septemberoperative rule is not supplied by that manual or a docket summary. indiana records actual source versions, packet/statute discrepancies and remaining currentness research.

Indiana bounded final review, 2026-10-18: every cited section was re-read in the official Indiana Code 2026 title PDFs (Title 34, Title 9), including IC 9-22-1-19. The LII copy of 750 IAC 1-1-1 (unofficial) states USD 22,750 / 12,100 / 450 from 2022-03-01, next adjustment by 2028-03-01, so the earlier “current rule amounts were not retrieved” note is superseded. The September 2026 DFI rule concerns consumer-credit amounts, not these exemptions.

Iowa (IA)

• Iowa Code ch. 626 (§§626.74, 626.75, 626.77, 626.80, 626.81, 626.85, 626.93, 626.95) — https://www.legis.iowa.gov/docs/code/626.pdf — cells A,B,C,D,E,F
• Iowa Code §628.3 — https://www.legis.iowa.gov/docs/code/628.pdf — cells G
• Iowa Code §627.6(9) — https://www.legis.iowa.gov/docs/code/627.pdf — cells G
• Iowa Code §321.47 — https://www.legis.iowa.gov/docs/code/321.pdf — cells H
• Iowa Code ch. 577 (§§577.1, 577.2) — https://www.legis.iowa.gov/docs/code/577.pdf — cells I
• Iowa Code §554.7308 — https://www.legis.iowa.gov/docs/code/554.7308.pdf — cells I
• Iowa Code ch. 579 (§§579.1-579.3) — https://www.legis.iowa.gov/docs/code/579.pdf — cells I

Notes: Outlier: appraisal floor for personal property. Two disinterested householders appraise before sale; first offer cannot sell below2/3 appraisal. Only after offering at the SAME place/hour on THREE SUCCESSIVE DAYS without that bid may the floor fall to1/2 (§626.93). Notice failure costs the officer USD100 plus damages but does not itself invalidate the sale (§626.77). Nonpayment on demand permits the §626.85 price action or nullity/resale procedure. Section626.80 separately specifies sealed-bid receipt/opening and a party who appeared “in the foreclosure”; its payment/eligibility wording and actual sale notice must be read, not converted to a general internet-only auction authorization. Vehicle-exemption highway-damages exception remains §627.7.

Abandoned vehicles are a separate route: 2026HF2617 changes certified dispatch to TEN days and reclaim to TWENTY days, effective July1,2026. Current 761—480 permits electronic/sealed/oral public auction and seven-day advertising in two appropriate media. Rule480.3(2)(d) also retains an actual newspaper-page record requirement: newspaper plus another qualifying medium and the page satisfy both texts; a newspaper-free record set is not certified here. Current forms: 411007, 411358, 411361. The private disposal411185 is not the restricted police-only411163.

Kansas (KS)

• K.S.A. 60-2401 — https://www.ksrevisor.gov/statutes/chapters/ch60/060_024_0001.html — cells A,B
• K.S.A. 60-2406 — https://www.ksrevisor.gov/statutes/chapters/ch60/060_024_0006.html — cells A
• K.S.A. 60-2408 — https://www.ksrevisor.gov/statutes/chapters/ch60/060_024_0008.html — cells A
• K.S.A. 60-2409 — https://www.ksrevisor.gov/statutes/chapters/ch60/060_024_0009.html — cells A,B,C,D
• K.S.A. 60-2414 — https://www.ksrevisor.gov/statutes/chapters/ch60/060_024_0014.html — cells G
• K.S.A. 60-2415 — https://www.ksrevisor.gov/statutes/chapters/ch60/060_024_0015.html — cells A,B,E,F
• K.S.A. 60-2304 — https://www.ksrevisor.gov/statutes/chapters/ch60/060_023_0004.html — cells G
• K.S.A. 8-135 — https://www.ksrevisor.gov/statutes/chapters/ch08/008_001_0035.html — cells H
• K.S.A. 58-201, 58-202 — https://www.ksrevisor.gov/statutes/chapters/ch58/058_002_0001.html , https://www.ksrevisor.gov/statutes/chapters/ch58/058_002_0002.html — cells I
• K.S.A. 58-208, 58-211, 58-212 — https://www.ksrevisor.gov/statutes/chapters/ch58/058_002_0008.html , …/058_002_0011.html , …/058_002_0012.html — cells I

Notes: Article24confirmation/upset-price and60-2406senior-interest rules remain. The separate 60-1006–1009judicial security foreclosure has its own confirmation/certificate and contested-surplus procedure. Repair58-201/202and actual common-law storage with58-208enforcement are not the same creating grant. Current tow8-1103, notice8-1104, certificate8-1109, TR-85 and public-agency TR-105 were retrieved. 2026chapter142§6 is effectiveJuly1. Repealed8-1106does not supply a current treasurer rule. 58-211’s small-value handbill alternative does not eliminate other route-specific notice. Vehicle20,000/tools7,500 are fixed current 60-2304 figures, not invented inflation adjustments. kansas records current conditional title, tax, case and surplus answers.

Kentucky (KY)

• KRS 426.160 — https://apps.legislature.ky.gov/law/statutes/statute.aspx?id=18446 — cells A,C,D
• KRS 426.560 — https://apps.legislature.ky.gov/law/statutes/statute.aspx?id=18497 — cells A,C
• KRS 426.340 — https://apps.legislature.ky.gov/law/statutes/statute.aspx?id=18465 — cells A,C
• KRS 426.490 — https://apps.legislature.ky.gov/law/statutes/statute.aspx?id=18484 — cells A,B,D
• KRS 426.522 — https://apps.legislature.ky.gov/law/statutes/statute.aspx?id=57626 — cells B
• KRS 426.330 — https://apps.legislature.ky.gov/law/statutes/statute.aspx?id=18464 — cells F
• KRS 426.290 — https://apps.legislature.ky.gov/law/statutes/statute.aspx?id=18459 — cells A,G
• KRS 426.220 — https://apps.legislature.ky.gov/law/statutes/statute.aspx?id=42366 — cells G (realty execution)
• KRS 426.530 — https://apps.legislature.ky.gov/law/statutes/statute.aspx?id=45200 — G, nonexecution judicial realty distinction
• KRS 427.010 — https://apps.legislature.ky.gov/law/statutes/statute.aspx?id=46624 — cells G
• KRS 186A.215, 186A.225 — https://apps.legislature.ky.gov/law/statutes/statute.aspx?id=6179 , https://apps.legislature.ky.gov/law/statutes/statute.aspx?id=6181 — cells H
• TC96-182(06/2026) — https://transportation.ky.gov/Organizational-Resources/Forms/TC%2096-182.pdf — H
• TC96-192(05/2020) — https://transportation.ky.gov/Organizational-Resources/Forms/TC%2096-192.pdf — H
• TC96-159T(11/2025) — https://transportation.ky.gov/Organizational-Resources/Forms/TC%2096-159T.pdf — H,I
• KRS 376.270 — https://apps.legislature.ky.gov/law/statutes/statute.aspx?id=35314 — cells I
• KRS 376.280 — https://apps.legislature.ky.gov/law/statutes/statute.aspx?id=35316 — cells I
• KRS 376.275 — https://apps.legislature.ky.gov/law/statutes/statute.aspx?id=54934 — cells H,I

Notes: Sheriff execution’s conditional three-month credit/bond is distinct from commissioner terms under AP2025-48: cash or10%/30-day balance, approved surety and three-business-day report; inconsistent local practice cannot override the rule effectiveJanuary1,2026. KRS426.290(4) supplies conditional encumbered-personalty redemption; realty execution426.220 and nonexecution judicial426.530 are different provisions. The encumbered-movables purchaser must give the §426.290(5) nonremoval bond; officer/deputy purchase is void under §426.330. Section426.522’s personalty auctioneer cap is25% plus up to10% buyer premium, within its actual foreclosure-initiated scope, not every commissioner fee. Current 424.120, .130 and .145 were retrieved; limited local-government website alternatives do not excuse every private seller from newspaper notice. Actual TC96-182prints06/2026 and TC96-159Tprints11/2025; distinguish statutory first-ten-day lender notice from the latter’s business-day instruction. kentucky retains exact current/future laws and title/proceeds limits; completed adjudication is recorded in the Kentucky verification review.

Louisiana (LA)

• C.C.P. art. 2291 — https://legis.la.gov/legis/Law.aspx?d=111420 — cells A

• C.C.P. art. 2293 — https://legis.la.gov/legis/Law.aspx?d=111422 — cells B,C

• C.C.P. art. 2331 — https://legis.la.gov/legis/Law.aspx?d=111430 — cells A,B,C

• C.C.P. art. 2332 — https://legis.la.gov/legis/Law.aspx?d=111431 — notes

• C.C.P. art. 2336 — https://legis.la.gov/legis/Law.aspx?d=111435 — notes

• C.C.P. art. 2337 — https://legis.la.gov/legis/Law.aspx?d=111436 — notes

• C.C.P. art. 2342 — https://legis.la.gov/legis/Law.aspx?d=111441 — cells B,E,F

• C.C.P. art. 2343 — https://legis.la.gov/legis/Law.aspx?d=111442 — cells E

• C.C.P. art. 2344 — https://legis.la.gov/legis/Law.aspx?d=1336040 — cells B,D

• C.C.P. art. 2371 — https://legis.la.gov/legis/Law.aspx?d=111443 — cells F,G

• La. R.S. 13:4341 — https://legis.la.gov/legis/Law.aspx?d=77738 — cells A,B,D

• La. R.S. 13:4344 — https://legis.la.gov/legis/Law.aspx?d=77741 — cells H

• La. R.S. 43:203 — https://legis.la.gov/legis/Law.aspx?d=99594 — cells C

• La. R.S. 13:3881 — https://legis.la.gov/legis/Law.aspx?d=77632 — cells G

• La. R.S. 9:4501 — https://legis.la.gov/legis/Law.aspx?d=107998 — cells I

• La. R.S. 9:4502 — https://legis.la.gov/legis/Law.aspx?d=107999 — cells H,I

• La. R.S. 32:1728 — https://legis.la.gov/legis/Law.aspx?d=88148 — cells I

• Act 55 of 2026 and enactment history — https://legis.la.gov/LEGIS/ViewDocument.aspx?d=1473871 and https://legis.la.gov/LEGIS/BillInfo.aspx?i=249778 — cells G

• Louisiana OMV current index — https://expresslane.la.gov/omv/resources/omv-policy/vehicle-registration-requirements/ ; Policy 22.00, actual November 3, 2017 revision still linked — https://public.powerdms.com/ladpsc/documents/369157 ; actual DPSMV 1799 R05/24 — https://public.powerdms.com/LADPSC/documents/355820 — cells H, current-index verification is not a new policy revision.

• C.C.P. arts. 322, 326, 332, 2294, 2294.1, 2340 and 2376 — full individual official bodies linked in louisiana, 12.1; officer possession/territory/writ, payment before adjudication and inscription cancellation, not every special sale.

• R.S. 13:4360 — https://legis.la.gov/legis/Law.aspx?d=77757 — online payment and default remedies.

• Current OMV Policy 20.00, July 8, 2026 — https://public.powerdms.com/ladpsc/documents/369142 ; ORSV — https://public.powerdms.com/LADPSC/documents/349886 ; R.S. 32:1720 — https://legis.la.gov/Legis/Law.aspx?d=88139 — distinct first-notice clocks and actual packet, not automatic lender discharge.

Notes (independent-review integration 2026-10-17): Appraisal/first-offer two-thirds floor and re-advertised second-offer rules are in arts. 2332/2336; costs and superior privileges can prevent sale (art. 2337). Seizure advertising waits three days excluding holidays after service (art. 2293); R.S. 43:202 supplies the Orleans journal rule. Ordinary execution adjudication transfers under arts. 2371/2342; the later act is evidentiary, and those provisions require no separate confirmation proceeding. Article 2340 permits payment before adjudication; the bounded ordinary regime supplies no post-sale redemption period/price, while asset-specific exceptions remain open. Current-index Policy 22.00 is still the November 3, 2017 document, not a newly revised 2026 policy; DPSMV 1799 is R05/24. Section 9:4502(D) excludes § 4501 property. Section 32:1720 initial electronic/mail record notices have distinct five/ten-business-day periods; § 1728’s final-notice consent/age conditions remain distinct. R.S. 13:4360(B), not a conflicting local FAQ, governs the online next-nonholiday-day 4:30 p.m. payment; § 4369 has a limited online-sale challenge bar. Orleans physical terms, completed-sale asset exceptions and disputed lender/title effects remain needs_verification.

Maine (ME)

• 14 M.R.S. §§ 4751, 4752, 4753, 4754, 4755, 4757, 4758, 4759 — https://legislature.maine.gov/statutes/14/title14sec4751.html (and sec4752 … sec4759) — cells A,B,C,D,E,G
• 14 M.R.S. § 4422 — https://legislature.maine.gov/statutes/14/title14sec4422.html — cells G
• 29-A M.R.S. § 665 — https://legislature.maine.gov/statutes/29-A/title29-Asec665.html — cells H
• 10 M.R.S. §§ 3801, 4001, 4002, 4008 — https://legislature.maine.gov/statutes/10/title10sec3801.html (and sec4001, sec4002, sec4008) — cells I
• 29-A M.R.S. §§ 1852, 1854, 1856 — https://legislature.maine.gov/statutes/29-A/title29-Asec1852.html (and sec1854, sec1856) — cells I

Notes: Very short notice: only 48 hours’ posting, no publication or mailing required, and the sale must happen within 14 days of seizure. Absent a written contract that sets the sale method (10 M.R.S. § 4001), Maine has no self-help garage lien sale for vehicles: a possessory lien is enforced through a Superior Court action and a court-ordered sale (10 M.R.S. §§ 4002, 4008). For abandoned vehicles the premises owner gets title directly from the Secretary of State with no sale. A buyer who refuses to pay triggers a resale within 10 days, and the defaulting bidder owes any shortfall (§ 4757). An officer who commits fraud in the sale forfeits 5 times the amount (§ 4758).

Independent primary follow-up — 2026-10-17: The signed JB-24-02 order, effective October 24, 2024, adjusts the vehicle amount to USD 11,800, tools to USD 11,200, general wildcard to USD 600, unused-residence allocation to USD 12,400 and cash to USD 3,550; unadjusted code figures are not current amounts. Title 14, chapter 203 establishes officer/constable authority; § 3131 is a distinct creditor-disclosure sale. Full municipal distress provisions, actual BMV packets and § 1862’s separate entity clock are documented with primary URLs in maine. Section 1375(1-D) permits towing; it does not itself command towing or expressly forbid every storage sale. BMV acceptance and unpaid-lender discharge remain separate questions.

Maine’s complete agency-posted Chapter 102 DOCX has now been recovered; its April 2026 accessibility check is not a new substantive amendment. mccurdy-v-secretary-of-state-bmv-2020 affirms an actual abandonment title transfer, not an unpaid third-party lender’s discharge. dresser-v-kronberg-1911 addresses a stranger’s horses and purchaser restitution; vermeule-v-york-water-co-1914 concerns an unauthorized indivisible operating-system sale. first-national-bank-of-boston-v-lewiston-1992 distinguishes distress and assessment liens and expressly reserves competing lender priority. These holdings do not turn every authorized sale into clear title.

Maryland (MD)

• Md. Rule 2-644 — https://rulesofcivilprocedure.com/md/rule-2-644/ (unofficial reproduction, retrieved 2026-10-18; official Westlaw host is behind a security check) — cells A,B,C,D,E,F
• Md. Rule 2-643 (2026 adopted text) — https://www.mdcourts.gov/sites/default/files/rules/order/ro227th.pdf — cell G
• Md. Code, Cts. & Jud. Proc. §§ 11-501 to 11-511 — https://mgaleg.maryland.gov/2026RS/Statute_Web/gcj/gcj.pdf (official article PDF; 2026 ch. 400 left § 11-504(b) unchanged) — cells A,G
• Md. Code, Transp. § 13-114 — https://mgaleg.maryland.gov/2026RS/Statute_Web/gtr/gtr.pdf — cells H
• Md. Code, Com. Law §§ 16-203, 16-207, 16A-101 — https://mgaleg.maryland.gov/2026RS/Statute_Web/gcl/gcl.pdf — cells I

Notes: Maryland makes creditors wait 30 days after levy before any sale, much longer than most states. The sheriff may reject unconscionably low bids, which works as a soft minimum-bid rule. The sheriff appraises the property at levy to apply the exemptions, and the debtor can ask the court to review that appraisal (§ 11-504(c)(1)). The elected USD 6,000 wildcard is not the only possible protection for a vehicle: tools-of-trade and prescribed-health-aid provisions depend on its actual use. Full unofficial Rules 2-644 and 3-644 were independently retrieved on 2026-10-17; official compilation comparison remains open. The official 2021 adopted order confirms subsection (d) amendments. Vehicle court-sale evidence is specified by COMAR 11.15.14.09; lien-sale documents and digital VIN/history evidence by COMAR 11.15.14.08 and VR-100. The 2026-10-18 bounded final review is recorded in the Maryland module. The full rules were retrieved through the State’s linked maryland-dsd/law-html publication repository; the module preserves the exact versioned URLs. Repair priority despite the initial notice omission is addressed in maryland-friendly-finance-v-orbit-2003; fee limits in maryland-allstate-lien-v-stansbury-2015. Later treatment remains unverified.

Massachusetts (MA)

Independent reconciliation, 2026-10-17: the four-day hold and fourteen-day ordinary sale limit remain separate from the forty-eight-hour posting option; requested newspaper notice for goods over USD 300 permits the specified thirty-day limit. Neither Rule 69 nor Field establishes online-only authority. Current actual RMV involuntary-transfer instructions, TTL112_1119, repossession instructions and TTL105_1119 were retrieved. Police/public-authority and private-property tow routes are different. Source One, 2014 Mass. App. Div. 48, decides possession/priority, not purchaser lien discharge. The module supplies full provisions, current fees and remaining title/payment questions; older notes below retain their earlier-pass retrieval scope, not a new blanket source failure.

• M.G.L. c. 235, §§ 34, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43 — https://malegislature.gov/Laws/GeneralLaws/PartIII/TitleII/Chapter235/Section36 (and Section34, Section37 … Section43) — cells A,B,C,D,E,G
• M.G.L. c. 90D, § 17 — https://malegislature.gov/Laws/GeneralLaws/PartI/TitleXIV/Chapter90D/Section17 — cells H
• M.G.L. c. 255, §§ 25, 26, 39A — https://malegislature.gov/Laws/GeneralLaws/PartIII/TitleIV/Chapter255/Section25 (and Section26, Section39A) — cells I

Notes: Very short notice: 48 hours’ posting, or a newspaper ad instead, with no mailing to the debtor. Sale within 14 days of seizure, or up to 30 days if newspaper notice is requested for property over USD 300. Massachusetts has no self-help garage lien sale: the § 25 garage lien goes through court under § 26. The § 39A accident-tow track is the exception, and it allows a private sale. Massachusetts has a high vehicle exemption (USD 15,000 for elderly or disabled debtors), and up to USD 5,000 of unused exemption amounts can be carried into the clause Seventeenth wildcard. An officer who commits fraud in the sale is liable for 5 times the damages (§ 42). Sections 31A-31G and 39B (towing/storage) were listed but not retrieved.

Michigan (MI)

Independent reconciliation, 2026-10-17: § 257.236a’s full unofficial 2025 body was retrieved at https://law.justia.com/codes/michigan/chapter-257/statute-act-300-of-1949/division-300-1949-ii/division-300-1949-ii-transfers-of-title-or-interest/section-257-236a/; it adds officer certification and distinguishes title processing from survival of secured rights. Section 211.47a’s full reproduced text and the abandonment provisions were also examined; the earlier notes’ “not retrieved” describes the older pass, not a current blanket source failure. Present official consolidation/form questions remain open. The full unpublished Kuhn, No. 374038 (Dec. 11, 2025), https://www.michbar.org/Portals/0/opinions/appeals/2025/121125/84815.pdf, rejects a no-public-notice sale without establishing a binding statewide newspaper frequency. Section 570.304’s specified-work exclusions depend on the custom/nonstandard-materials condition, not every cosmetic repair. The § 6023 vehicle reference is a tools-of-trade component, not a separate ordinary vehicle exemption. Comprehensive currentness remains unresolved.

• MCL 600.6001, 600.6002, 600.6031, 600.6032, 600.6033, 600.6035, 600.6042, 600.6045, 600.6046 — https://www.legislature.mi.gov/Laws/MCL?objectName=mcl-600-6031 (and mcl-600-6001, -6002, -6032, -6033, -6035, -6042, -6045, -6046) — cells A,B,C,D,E,G
• MCL 600.6023 — https://www.legislature.mi.gov/Laws/MCL?objectName=mcl-600-6023 — cells A,G
• MCL 257.236 — https://www.legislature.mi.gov/Laws/MCL?objectName=mcl-257-236 — cells H
• MCL 570.302, 570.303, 570.304, 570.305 — https://www.legislature.mi.gov/Laws/MCL?objectName=mcl-570-305 (and mcl-570-302, -303, -304) — cells I

Historical notes from the earlier pass; current corrections above supersede stale amounts and retrieval limits: The appraisal rule works as a floor: if no bid on partly exempt property beats the exemption amount, the property is not sold and goes back to the debtor (§ 6033). Michigan has no separate motor-vehicle exemption in § 6023, only the USD 1,000 tools-of-trade cap. The garage-lien sale is state-supervised. The Department issues a “certificate of foreclosure of garage keeper’s lien and bill of sale”, which the buyer submits for title (§ 570.305(10)). The sale takes place at the garage or the nearest suitable place. The owner may redeem before the sale (§ 570.305(7)). The lien is capped at the vehicle’s market value. Newspaper publication was not found in the retrieved § 570.305 text. Abandoned/towed-vehicle sales (MCL 257.252a et seq.) were not retrieved.

Minnesota (MN)

• Minn. Stat. §§ 550.04, 550.18, 550.19, 550.20, 550.21, 550.22 — https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/cite/550.18 (and /550.04, /550.19, /550.20, /550.21, /550.22) — cells A,B,C,D,E,F
• Minn. Stat. § 550.37 — https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/cite/550.37 — cells A,G
• Minn. Stat. § 168A.12 — https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/cite/168A.12 — cells H
• Minn. Stat. §§ 514.19, 514.20, 514.21, 514.22 — https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/cite/514.20 (and /514.19, /514.21, /514.22) — cells I

Notes: Ten-day personalty posting must be read with §645.12’s three-place rule and §550.19’s resident-debtor service. Mortgage/homestead confirmation and redemption are not ordinary-chattel requirements. The corrected June29,2026formal notice supplies the July amounts; its disability-use USD 27,500 differs from Commerce HTML’s USD 27,000, with §550.37(4a)(e)‘s conditional reliance rule retained. Tools are USD 14,000; the USD 1,650 wildcard is bankruptcy-only. In the ordinary lien route, §514.22restricts lienholder bidding; a qualifying dealer using §514.21subd.2waives deficiency. Chapter168Bwas now retrieved in full; its title effects do not establish the current special blank’s revision. Section330.06expressly exempts the specified sheriff/coroner/tax/personalty- lien sales from its auctioneer chapter. Section331A.02requires specified paper/association posting without making every posting-only chattel sale appear in the repository. The2026court-proceeding fallback in §484.085does not authorize a private seller’s website substitute. MNAcommercial/database terms are not an ingestion licence. minnesota retains exact currentness and source discrepancies. Its completed M12 claim/source audit scores1: one current special impound/salvage form-body/revision scalar remains partial, not a blanket title-law uncertainty or a final zero-gap claim.

Mississippi (MS)

• Execution full historical2011HB1330,checked against bounded2020–2026primary session indexes/enactments — https://billstatus.ls.state.ms.us/documents/2011/html/HB/1300-1399/HB1330SG.htm ; full historical rule compilation https://www.firstcircuitcourt.ms.gov/sites/firstcircuitcourt/files/files/rules_of_civil_procedure%206-26-18.pdf — cells A–F; not current official consolidated-code or comprehensive local-legislation certification.
• Full historical Release78statutes,reconciled with identified later primary enactments — https://unicourt.github.io/cic-code-ms/transforms/ms/ocms/r78/gov.ms.code.title.13.html ; https://unicourt.github.io/cic-code-ms/transforms/ms/ocms/r78/gov.ms.code.title.85.html — cells A–I; unofficial host explicitly disclosed.
• Actual cumulative exemptions2020HB1071 — https://billstatus.ls.state.ms.us/documents/2020/html/HB/1000-1099/HB1071SG.htm — cell G.
• Current2026tow/abandonmentSB2848 — https://billstatus.ls.state.ms.us/documents/2026/html/SB/2800-2899/SB2848SG.htm — cells H,I.
• Actual DOR78-301Rev09/17,78-010Rev09/17,78-012Rev07/17,78-009Rev09/17 — https://www.dor.ms.gov/sites/default/files/tax-forms/motor-vehicle/78301178%2520Summary%2520of%2520Court%2520Order.pdf ; https://www.dor.ms.gov/sites/default/files/tax-forms/motor-vehicle/78010178%2520Affidavit%2520of%2520Sale%2520Under%2520Lien.pdf ; https://www.dor.ms.gov/sites/default/files/tax-forms/motor-vehicle/78012178%2520Affidavit%2520for%2520Repossessed%2520Motor%2520Vehicle.pdf ; https://www.dor.ms.gov/sites/default/files/tax-forms/motor-vehicle/78009178%2520Affidavit%2520of%2520Abandonment.pdf — cell H; underlying authority/notice proof and surviving interests remain material.
• FullCole2025repair/perfection/liquidation holding — https://www.tnwb.uscourts.gov/Opinions/deb/pdf/deb20250626nn1.pdf — cell I.
• DORNotice79-26-01 — https://www.dor.ms.gov/sites/default/files/notices-technical-bulletins/Notice%20-%20MVS%20Abandonment%20Changes%20July%201%202026_0.pdf — preserve actual conflict,but enacted63-23-5requiresTHREEwebsiteweeks; agencyTWOis not safe harbor.

Notes (reconciled 2026-10-18): Ordinary execution uses plaintiff ten-day/three-place notice and highest-bidder cash sale; actual property-place/perishables/postponement conditions apply. Officer receipt/bill and return,stock/claims assignment and judgment/decree-lien discharge are not universal private-security cleansing. Vehicles/tools share ONEUSD10,000pool,with age70USD50,000and actual exceptions. Current title packet documents are recovered,not guessed from filename; titled boats/motors use59-25-11and MDWFPproof separately. July1,2026tow251uses initial certified notice by dayseven after actual inquiry predicate,unpaid30days and saleletter/ten-day steps,TWOwebsite/newspaperweeks. Abandonment63-23-5requiresTHREEwebsiteweeks despite DOR’sTWO; state the signed law without waiting for agency correction. Repair107requires its certified five-day pre-suit notice and special sale order; Cole distinguishes possessory perfection from liquidation authority. FailedHB73proposedchanges are not law; the historic five-day private-parking tow predicate was removed in2020HB359,not first2026. The bounded full review still identifies one nonpossessory airport-authority61-3-24priority question; it is not hidden or extended into a fictitious sequestration buyer channel. See mississippi for54actual grants,54actual buyer channels,eight full opinions and explicit currentness/access limits.

Missouri (MO)

• RSMo 513.035, 513.145, 513.150, 513.190, 513.235, 513.300 — https://revisor.mo.gov/main/OneSection.aspx?section=513.145 (and section=513.035, .150, .190, .235, .300) — cells A,B,C,D,E,F
• RSMo ch. 513 table of contents — https://revisor.mo.gov/main/OneChapter.aspx?chapter=513 — cells B,G
• RSMo 513.430 (versions eff. 28 Aug 2022 and 1 Jan 2027) — https://revisor.mo.gov/main/PageSelect.aspx?section=513.430&bid=51255 and https://revisor.mo.gov/main/OneSection.aspx?section=513.430 — cells A,G
• RSMo 430.020, 430.082, 430.090, 430.100 — https://revisor.mo.gov/main/OneSection.aspx?section=430.082 (and section=430.020, .090, .100) — cells I

Notes: 493.075 allows qualifying publication instead of posting, with its express first-class charter-county/city exclusions. 493.050’s one-year newspaper qualification became effectiveAugust28,2026; its actual special branches remain. Official current Rule76notice/payment/online requirements remain source-limited, rather than inferred from statutory silence. Current vehicle/tools/wildcard amounts are3,000/3,000/600 under the 2022operative513.430version. The January1,2027replacement supplies vehicle5,000 plus up to10,000unused household exemption and wildcard1,700; tools remain3,000. 513.423’s first CPI adjustment is2029, not2026. DOR Titling Manual, 108, 1062, 5835 and abandoned-tow 4669 now supply actual title packets.5835prints08-2028despite the index’s2025date: preserve the source discrepancy, not a future statutory date. 430.082 differs from petty repair430.090and 304.155 authorized abandoned tows. General tax collection uses 144.690, not repealed144.685; Miller distinguishes recorder-lien and clerk-judgment clocks. missouri retains exact source and aircraft-title limits.

Montana (MT)

• MCA 25-13-301 — https://mca.legmt.gov/bills/mca/title_0250/chapter_0130/part_0030/section_0010/0250-0130-0030-0010.html — cells A,B
• MCA 25-13-701, 25-13-704, 25-13-708; Part 7 index — https://mca.legmt.gov/bills/mca/title_0250/chapter_0130/part_0070/section_0010/0250-0130-0070-0010.html (and section_0040, section_0080, sections_index.html) — cells A,B,C,D,E,F
• MCA 25-13-801; Part 8 index — https://mca.legmt.gov/bills/mca/title_0250/chapter_0130/part_0080/section_0010/0250-0130-0080-0010.html — cells G
• MCA 25-13-609 — https://mca.legmt.gov/bills/mca/title_0250/chapter_0130/part_0060/section_0090/0250-0130-0060-0090.html — cells A,G
• MCA 61-3-221 — https://mca.legmt.gov/bills/mca/title_0610/chapter_0030/part_0020/section_0210/0610-0030-0020-0210.html — cells H
• MCA 71-3-1203 — https://mca.legmt.gov/bills/mca/title_0710/chapter_0030/part_0120/section_0030/0710-0030-0120-0030.html — cells I
• MCA 25-13-402(4), independent nonperishable hold — https://mca.legmt.gov/bills/mca/title_0250/chapter_0130/part_0040/section_0020/0250-0130-0040-0020.html — cells A,C
• MCA 25-13-505 and 25-13-712, secured-goods tender and proceeds — https://mca.legmt.gov/bills/mca/title_0250/chapter_0130/part_0050/section_0050/0250-0130-0050-0050.html and https://mca.legmt.gov/bills/mca/title_0250/chapter_0130/part_0070/section_0120/0250-0130-0070-0120-0120.html — cells A,F
• MCA 25-13-709, nonmanually deliverable goods certificate — https://mca.legmt.gov/bills/mca/title_0250/chapter_0130/part_0070/section_0090/0250-0130-0070-0090.html — cells F,H
• MCA 71-3-1202, lender notice and priority — https://mca.legmt.gov/bills/mca/title_0710/chapter_0030/part_0120/section_0020/0710-0030-0120-0020.html — cells I
• Actual MVD forms — https://mvdmt.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/MV24AB-Cerificate-of-Sale-Fillable.pdf (body 2/26); https://mvdmt.gov/wp-content/uploads/2026/10/MV1-Certificate-of-Title-for-Motor-Vehicle-Application-10.26F.pdf ; https://mvdmt.gov/wp-content/uploads/2026/10/MV7A-Cancellation-and-Issuance-of-Title-to-Tow-Truck-Operator-10.26F.pdf ; https://mvdmt.gov/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/MV1A-Certificate-of-Title-for-Vessel-Application-08.26F.pdf — cell H; printed body revision, not URL-folder inference.
• Agister sheriff-sale process § 71-3-1213 — https://mca.legmt.gov/bills/mca/title_0710/chapter_0030/part_0120/section_0130/0710-0030-0120-0130.html — cell I, distinct from § 1203 judicial service lien.

Notes (Montana, October 18, 2026): Ordinary personalty execution requires three county postings for 5–10 days and a county newspaper insertion at least one week before sale if a paper exists (§ 25-13-701), separately from the ten-business-day nonperishable levy hold (§ 402). Highest-bidder sale runs 9 a.m.–5 p.m., with goods within view (§ 704). Payment precedes delivery/certificate (§§ 708–709); these provisions prescribe no ordinary additional confirmation or post-sale personalty redemption (part 8 governs realty). The buyer receives levy-date debtor rights; secured goods require § 505 payment/tender/deposit, reimbursed under § 712. Current service-lien enforcement requires a court judgment and certified and first-class hearing service at least 21 days ahead (§ 71-3-1203); the agister affidavit goes directly to the sheriff with separate ten-day owner/other-lienholder notice (§ 1213). Actual MV24AB prints 2/26, MV1/MV7A 10/26 and MV1A 8/26. Section 61-3-221 involuntary-transfer proof/notice does not itself cancel every lender interest. See montana for all regimes, actual forms, buyer interests, source limits and the adjudicated composite.

Nebraska (NE)

• Neb. Rev. Stat. 25-1503, 25-1516, 25-1524, 25-1525, 25-1529, 25-1530, 25-1531, 25-1532, 25-1533, 25-1536 — https://nebraskalegislature.gov/laws/statutes.php?statute=25-1525 (and statute=25-1503, -1516, -1524, -1529, -1530, -1531, -1532, -1533, -1536) — cells A,B,C,D,E,F,G
• Neb. Rev. Stat. ch. 25 index — https://nebraskalegislature.gov/laws/browse-chapters.php?chapter=25 — cells A,D,F
• Neb. Rev. Stat. 25-1556 — https://nebraskalegislature.gov/laws/statutes.php?statute=25-1556 — cells A,G
• Neb. Rev. Stat. 60-166 — https://nebraskalegislature.gov/laws/statutes.php?statute=60-166 — cells H
• Neb. Rev. Stat. 52-601.01, 52-603, 52-604, 52-605 — https://nebraskalegislature.gov/laws/statutes.php?statute=52-601.01 (and statute=52-603, -604, -605) — cells I
• Neb. Rev. Stat. § 25-1552 — https://nebraskalegislature.gov/laws/statutes.php?statute=25-1552&print=true — cells G
• Nebraska Revenue Ruling 2023-1 — https://revenue.nebraska.gov/sites/revenue.nebraska.gov/files/doc/legal/rulings/rr2023-1.pdf — cells G
• Neb. Rev. Stat. § 60-2410 — https://nebraskalegislature.gov/laws/statutes.php?statute=60-2410&print=true — cells H,I
• Nebraska DMV storage-repair instructions — https://dmv.nebraska.gov/node/427 — cells H,I
• Nebraska court collection guide (advertised sale,not auction wording) — https://nebraskajudicial.gov/self-help/small-claims/collecting-your-money-after-judgment-information-judgment-debtor ; tax-scoped Reg36-009.07/.08E — https://revenue.nebraska.gov/about/legal-information/regulations/chapter-36-rules-collection-delinquent-taxes — cells D,E.
• Actual RV707Rev7/2018 — https://dmv.nebraska.gov/sites/dmv.nebraska.gov/files/doc/dvr/forms/titleapp.pdf ; county tax distress77-1724 — https://nebraskalegislature.gov/laws/statutes.php?statute=77-1724&print=true — H and distinct local-tax notes.

Notes (Nebraska,October18,2026): Chattel execution notice requires four successive weekly newspaper publications, or the prescribed five postings if no county newspaper (§ 25-1525). No general ordinary-chattel appraisal/minimum is prescribed in the reviewed chapter25art15; actual lawful order/asset terms matter,not an imported realty rule. The court collection guide says advertised sale,not auction. DORReg36-009.07public-auction language is specifically tax-sheriff execution,not silently universalized. District judicial-sale Rule6-1515has the actual15%deposit/lien-credit exception. Vehicle, trade-tools and § 25-1552 personal-property exemptions are USD 5,970 for 2023–2027, not the USD 5,000 statutory base (Revenue Ruling 2023-1). General storage-repair sale requires ninety-day possession and thirty-day certified return-receipt notice (§ 52-601.01), not those steps alone for a tower: § 60-2410 additionally requires owner/title-lienholder notice within fifteen business days after towing; failure subordinates the tow lien and voids disposition. Section 52-603 extinguishes notified liens through a reasonable-value sale; § 52-604 prioritizes lien/costs and record liens, with surplus held by the county treasurer for five years. Current § 60-166, including its July 18, 2026 amendment, retains record liens absent proof of satisfaction/extinction. The DMV page supplies a channel-specific packet, not universal lien clearance. County tax distress77-1724has its own two notices/first within9days/sale within20days/total adjournment≤5days,not four-week ordinary execution notice. Abandonment and the one official247NACholding-period currentness limit are separate in Nebraska module12.

Nevada (NV)

• NRS 21.070, 21.075, 21.090, 21.111, 21.112, 21.130, 21.150, 21.170, 21.180, 21.190, 21.200 — https://www.leg.state.nv.us/NRS/NRS-021.html — cells A,B,C,D,E,F,G
• NRS 482.420 — https://www.leg.state.nv.us/NRS/NRS-482.html — cells H
• NRS 108.270, 108.272, 108.2725, 108.310 — https://www.leg.state.nv.us/NRS/NRS-108.html — cells I
• NRS 108.2735, 108.290, 108.350 and special livestock appraisal § 108.560 — https://www.leg.state.nv.us/NRS/NRS-108.html — cells G,H,I
• NAC 108.100–108.110 — https://www.leg.state.nv.us/NAC/NAC-108.html — cells H,I
• Nevada DMV VP-147, Rev 10/2026; VP-201, 9/2026 V2 — https://dmv.nv.gov/pdfforms/vp147.pdf and https://dmv.nv.gov/pdfforms/vp201.pdf — cells H,I
• Nevada DMV VP-012,9/2026V2 is duplicate-title ONLY — https://dmv.nv.gov/pdfforms/vp012.pdf — H; VP-222 is registration-only, neither is a universal execution-title application. Read482.240/.260/.415 ownership proof; actual repossession instructions: https://dmv.nv.gov/pdfforms/regtitle.pdf

Notes (reconciled 2026-10-17): The 5–10-day posting window applies to personalty; newspaper publication additionally applies to district-court executions (§ 21.130(1)(b)). A constable is an alternate levying officer (§ 21.111). Vehicle-lien priority uses whole-lien first/second tests at USD 1,000, or USD 2,500 for the specified older towing liens (§ 108.290), not an excess-only split. Six-month vehicle-lien expiry has a certified-tower exception and proceeding-related tolling (§ 108.2735). The motor-vehicle court-contest notice subsection excepts certified towers (§ 108.2725(2)). Auction/private-fallback sales must be commercially reasonable (§ 108.310); § 108.350 protects innocent third parties without excusing claimant liability. The DMV stolen-status request is due seven business days before sale; title papers are due within thirty days after sale, with applicable fees/taxes (NAC 108.100–108.110). Current lien-sale forms were retrieved. Chapter21officer certificate/order and482.240/.260/.415ownership proof supply the conditional execution route;482.420alone does not issue title. VP012is duplicate-only, VP222registration-only, actual VP020repossession instructions differ. Current standalone VP161and NDOW lien-sale blanks remain the two actual source gaps, not a blanket missing execution-law answer. Special livestock appraisal is different: § 108.560 allows redemption within one year after recording by paying appraisal plus 25%; it is not an ordinary chapter-21 execution rule.

New Hampshire (NH)

• RSA 528:1-528:9 — https://gc.nh.gov/rsa/html/LIV/528/528-mrg.htm — cells A,B,C,D,E,F,G

• RSA ch. 528 table of contents — https://gc.nh.gov/rsa/html/NHTOC/NHTOC-LIV-528.htm — cells A

• RSA 527:12 — https://gc.nh.gov/rsa/html/LIV/527/527-12.htm — cells A,B

• RSA 511:2 — https://gc.nh.gov/rsa/html/LII/511/511-2.htm — cells A,G

• RSA 261:16 — https://gc.nh.gov/rsa/html/XXI/261/261-16.htm — cells H

• RSA 450:1-450:3 — https://gc.nh.gov/rsa/html/XLI/450/450-mrg.htm — cells I

• RSA 444:3, 444:4, 444:4-a, 444:5, 444:6 — https://gc.nh.gov/rsa/html/XLI/444/444-mrg.htm — cells I

• Complete RSA 528, including encumbered-equity § 528:10 — https://gc.nh.gov/rsa/html/LIV/528/528-mrg.htm — cells A,C,D,E,F,G

• Complete RSA 511 and 261 — https://gc.nh.gov/rsa/html/LII/511/511-mrg.htm and https://gc.nh.gov/rsa/html/XXI/261/261-mrg.htm — cells G,H

• Current complete DMV rules — https://gc.nh.gov/rules/state_agencies/saf-c1900.html — actual execution/lien/repo/abandonment packets; refused standalone forms are not represented as downloaded

• Default publication/current tax distress/enacted transition — https://gc.nh.gov/rsa/html/I/21/21-mrg.htm ; https://gc.nh.gov/rules/state_agencies/rev2900.html ; https://gc.nh.gov/Senate_SessionDay/billtext.aspx?id=1476

• Full Wurm/Iacomini opinions — https://static.case.law/nh/102/cases/0558-01.json ; https://static.case.law/nh/127/cases/0073-01.json

Notes (reconciled 2026-10-18): Ordinary execution combines four days’ safekeeping with posting at least forty-eight hours before that period expires (528:2); encumbered goods/equity use528:8–10. Public highest-bidder sale and cash-default/actual agreed alternative are established; wholly online implementation remains the precise current-rules document-access gap. Ordinary chattels redeem before sale; the distinct toll franchise has three-month redemption at outlay plus12%interest. Officer return records the sale, not a universal clean-title certificate; actual261:16andSaf-C1900proof controls DMV application. Garage owner service depends on county residence;444:4-a vehicle inquiries go toDMV,Secretary of State andtownclerk, lattertwo forothergoods, with actual nonresponse/holder-redemption branches. Replacement title is nonconclusive. Self-storage451-Cincludes boats/OHRVs/snowmobiles and expressly protects its good-faith buyer, but its pre-sale perfected-lender ranking remains unresolved. Public abandoned boats270-B, private boatyard sale, state-tax Rev2907.03/RSA80and ordinary528execution are distinct. For transfers/obligations on/afterAugust31,2026 use545-B; chapter215§8preserves former545-A for earlier transactions/accrued claims. No nationwide release is inferred.

New Jersey (NJ)

• N.J.S.A. 2A:17-1, 2A:17-19 to 2A:17-24, 2A:17-29, 2A:17-33, 2A:17-38, 2A:17-45; 2A:18-27 — https://pub.njleg.state.nj.us/statutes/STATUTES-TEXT.zip (official NJ Legislature statutes text, STATUTES.TXT, dated 16 Oct 2026) — cells A,B,C,E,G
• N.J.S.A. 39:10-15 — https://pub.njleg.state.nj.us/statutes/STATUTES-TEXT.zip — cells F,H
• N.J.S.A. 2A:44-21, 2A:44-29, 2A:44-30, 2A:44-31 — https://pub.njleg.state.nj.us/statutes/STATUTES-TEXT.zip — cells I

Notes (independent-review integration 2026-10-17): Five-day statutory posting alone is not complete notice clearance: the preserved unofficial Rule 4:59-1(h) adds levy-day exemption notice/twenty-day no-sale safeguard; current official Rules 4:59/4:65 comparison remains open. The USD 1,000 general exemption and -24’s printed USD 500 appraisal wording remain distinct; actual Burlington procedure uses USD 1,000. The new military-household vehicle exemption is actual enacted L.2025 c.326, not a proposal. Garage sale, repair-abandonment and private-land packets differ; the latter two require MVC approval. The earlier October 16 archive provenance is retained; independent October 17 HTTP/header/banner verification reaches P.L.2026 c.50/J.R.1, not every later enactment.

• Independent primary follow-up: actual enacted military-household protection https://pub.njleg.gov/bills/2024/PL25/326_.HTM ; Burlington personalty procedure https://www.burlingtoncountynj.gov/1182/Personal-Property ; current statute archive https://pub.njleg.state.nj.us/statutes/STATUTES-TEXT.zip . Actual MVC special-packet URLs and revision/body limits are collected in new-jersey, 12.2–12.4; these are not generic execution applications.

New Mexico (NM)

• NMSA 39-4-1, 39-4-7, 39-4-9, 39-5-1, 39-5-1.1 (heading), 39-5-2, 39-5-3, 39-5-4, 39-5-5, 39-5-6, 39-5-7, 39-5-21 — https://nmonesource.com/nmos/nmsa/en/4373/1/document.do (official NM Compilation Commission, Chapter 39 PDF) — cells A,B,C,D,E,F,G
• NMSA 42-10-1 — https://nmonesource.com/nmos/nmsa/en/4386/1/document.do (Chapter 42 PDF) — cells A,G
• NMSA 48-3-1, 48-3-13, 48-3-14, 48-3-15, 48-3-19 — https://nmonesource.com/nmos/nmsa/en/4413/1/document.do (Chapter 48 PDF) — cells I
• NMSA 66-3-105 — https://nmonesource.com/nmos/nmsa/en/4422/1/document.do (Chapter 66 PDF) — cells H

Notes: The 4-week publication plus 6 postings (39-5-1) is long notice, cut to 10 days’ posting for property of USD 300 or less (39-5-4). Sheriff appraisal by two householders (39-5-6, 39-5-7) sits in Article 5. Case-law annotation says 39-5-5 to 39-5-13 apply only to execution sales. The two-thirds price floor (39-5-5) is expressly limited to real property; whether appraisal binds personalty sales: ⚠ needs_verification. The debtor may keep goods until sale by posting a bond for double their value (39-4-7). An officer who sells without the required notice forfeits USD 50 (39-5-2). Lien sales: notice to state police of unclaimed vehicles is still required within 5 days after the 10-day period (48-3-13(C)). The lien claimant may bid (48-3-15). Repair liens keep priority over recorded liens while the repairer has possession (48-3-1(B)).

• Actual amended exemption notice rule and order — https://supremecourt.nmcourts.gov/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2025/10/Rule-1-065.1-NMRA.pdf ; https://supremecourt.nmcourts.gov/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2025/10/Order-No.-S-1-RCR-2025-00174.pdf — pre-seizure duty, not separate ordinary sale-mail mandate
• Actual exemption act, court form and title packet — https://www.nmlegis.gov/Sessions/23%20Regular/final/SB0216.PDF ; https://supremecourt.nmcourts.gov/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2025/10/Form-4-808A-NMRA.pdf ; https://www.mvd.newmexico.gov/chapter-8-special-title-situations/ ; https://realfile.tax.newmexico.gov/mvd10002.pdf — adjusted AOC publication still unrecovered
• Current tow reporting and notices — https://www.srca.nm.gov/parts/title18/18.003.0012.html ; https://realfile.tax.newmexico.gov/mvd10058.pdf ; https://realfile.tax.newmexico.gov/mvd10059.pdf

New York (NY)

Independent follow-up, 2026-10-17: full official Senate PDFs for CPLR 5205/5230/5232/5233/5234/5236/5239/5240/5253, CCA 701, VTL 1224/2101/2102/2105/2115/2118/2125 and Lien 184/201/201-a/202/203/204 were retrieved/extracted, among other module sources. Exact pattern: https://legislation.nysenate.gov/pdf/laws/<LAW><SECTION>/, e.g. https://legislation.nysenate.gov/pdf/laws/LIE203/. The earlier summary/blocked-source notes below remain historical provenance, not the current retrieval state. Actual DMV forms, source conflicts and remaining buyer-title/currency questions are addressed in new-york. Bounded final review 2026-10-18: the Senate statute PDFs were re-retrieved (Lien Law 203 is now retrieved); the module profiles 44 statutory lien regimes and 36 buyer channels (scoped composite in the jurisdiction page metadata). DMV forms (CR81, MV37, MV901A-D, MV905-MV950) and the DFS exemption table were seen on 10/17 without kept copies; dmv.ny.gov returned a block page on 2026-10-18, so those details are U.

The actual DMV CR81, rev. 5/26, contains MV907A (1/25) front/back at printed pages 63–64 and local-authority instructions in Appendix J, pages 33–35. MV37 (9/21) retains USD 1,250 in the same posted packet. Form identity/acquisition is established, not full current Part 18 reconciliation or prior-lien extinguishment.

• CPLR 5233 — https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/laws/CVP/5233 (retrieved as a summarized fetch; direct download blocked) — cells A,B,C,D,E,F
• CPLR 5230 — https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/laws/CVP/5230 — cells A,B
• CPLR 5205 — https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/laws/CVP/5205 — cells A,G
• CPLR 5236 — https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/laws/CVP/5236 — cells A,G
• VTL 2115 — https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/laws/VAT/2115 — cells H
• Lien Law 184, 201, 201-A, 202 — https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/laws/LIE/184 (and /201, /201-A, /202) — cells I

Notes: The 6-day posting period is very short. In NYC, a newspaper listing can replace posting. A court-ordered immediate sale (§ 5233(c)) can skip notice entirely. Property banned from sale goes to the court for disposition, which may include destruction (§ 5233(d)). Lien sales: if no local newspaper exists, notice is posted in 6 conspicuous places at least 10 days ahead (§ 202(1)). Towing/storage vehicles with wholesale value under USD 500 may be sold straight to a dismantler or scrap processor. They can never be re-titled, and sale must wait 30 days after the mailed notice or 60 days after the tow, whichever is later (§ 202(3)). Owner may redeem before the lien sale (§ 203 referenced in § 201-A; text of § 203 not retrieved). Only the summary-style view of nysenate.gov was available.

North Carolina (NC)

• G.S. 1-339.41, .42, .43, .44, .45, .46, .47, .51, .52, .53, .54, .56, .57, .60, .62, .63, .64, .67, .69 — https://www.ncleg.gov/EnactedLegislation/Statutes/HTML/BySection/Chapter_1/GS_1-339.53.html (and the matching GS_1-339.xx pages) — cells A,B,C,D,E,F,G
• G.S. 1C-1601 — https://www.ncleg.gov/EnactedLegislation/Statutes/HTML/BySection/Chapter_1C/GS_1C-1601.html — cells A,G
• G.S. 20-77 — https://www.ncleg.gov/EnactedLegislation/Statutes/HTML/BySection/Chapter_20/GS_20-77.html — cells H,I
• G.S. 44A-2, 44A-4 — https://www.ncleg.gov/EnactedLegislation/Statutes/HTML/BySection/Chapter_44A/GS_44A-4.html (and GS_44A-2) — cells I

Notes: Personalty notice is posting only: 10 days, with no publication. Perishables are sold on the clerk’s order, with notice as the clerk sets (§ 1-339.56). The sheriff may not sell more than needed to satisfy the judgment and costs (§ 1-339.46). In towns over 5,000 people, personal-property sales may run until 10 p.m. (§ 1-339.60(c)). If the high bidder defaults, the property is resold immediately at the same time and place (§ 1-339.69(a)). A selling officer who breaks the Article forfeits USD 200 (§ 1-339.49). Lien sales: the DMV mails the notice (USD 16.75 fee), or the lienor uses a DMV-approved form. If a hearing is requested, title transfers only under a court order. Vehicles under USD 800 with no known owner go through a clerk special proceeding, with sale 14+ days after the order. The lienor may buy at a public sale but not at a private one. The public-sale publication must end at least 5 days before the sale. The DMV gets 20 days’ notice under § 20-114 (§ 20-77(c)). Garages must report vehicles unclaimed for 10 days (§ 20-77(d)).

Independent NC primary follow-up — 2026-10-17: The actual 2026 DMV Title Manual, printed55, establishes the execution LT-261/LT-265/MVR-1 packet, not every judicial/lien sale. Full chapter1 distinguishes ordinary Article29B chattel finality from Article29A court-sale review. oakwood-acceptance-v-massengill-2004 affirms avoidance of an actual local-tax mobile-home sale for material notice-location irregularity and gross inadequacy; the purchaser defense was unpleaded. It does not determine a valid tax sale’s general lender discharge or constitutional lender-mail requirements. case-v-miller-1984 and newtek-small-business-finance-v-boyz-transportation-2020 likewise have their own limited holdings, not statewide all-channel clean title. See north-carolina for current vessel enactments, full lien taxonomy and the remaining source/title questions. Bounded final review 2026-10-18: the full 396-chapter General Statutes and all 2025-2026 session laws were re-retrieved; the module now profiles 74 statutory lien regimes and 34 buyer channels (scoped composite in the jurisdiction page metadata).

North Dakota (ND)

• NDCC ch. 28-23 (28-23-01 to 28-23-11) — https://ndlegis.gov/cencode/t28c23.pdf — cells A,B,C,D,E,F
• NDCC 28-22-03.1 — https://ndlegis.gov/cencode/t28c22.pdf — cells A,G
• NDCC ch. 28-24 (28-24-01) — https://ndlegis.gov/cencode/t28c24.pdf — cells G
• NDCC 39-05-20 — https://ndlegis.gov/cencode/t39c05.pdf — cells H
• NDCC 35-13-01, 35-13-05, 35-13-07 — https://ndlegis.gov/cencode/t35c13.pdf — cells I

Notes: The vehicle exemption is generous: USD 10,000, or USD 50,000 for a disability-modified vehicle. Harvested crops may be sold at the nearest market price with no published notice. If the debtor says they intend to settle, grain is held 6 days (28-23-02). The debtor, if present, may direct the order in which separable articles are sold (28-23-07). The sheriff may postpone up to 3 days twice without new notice (28-23-08). The repairman’s lien covers autos, trucks, farm and construction equipment, aircraft and watercraft (35-13-01). The threshold is the greater of USD 6,000 or 30% of repaired value, or the greater of USD 15,000 or 30% for agricultural/construction property. To claim priority for the full repair bill above that threshold, give the actual registered/certified estimate notice; failure to notify or a recorded lender’s written objection within five days limits priority to that greater-of amount under35-13-04, not automatic loss of the entire lien. Storage fees start 15 days after the owner is asked to pick up. Actual23.1-15government-auction, commercial-tower vesting and scrap branches are separately verified, with certified notices, thirty-day claim and actual start/ceased-communications rules. DOT8/01/2025tow instructions use the real lookup/indemnity/application packet; tower excise exemption is not every later buyer’s exemption.

• Actual involuntary/substitute-title statute and printed forms — https://ndlegis.gov/cencode/t39c05.pdf ; https://dot.nd.gov/forms/sfn2872.pdf ; https://www.dot.nd.gov/forms/sfn02880.pdf ; https://www.dot.nd.gov/sites/www/files/documents/Motor%20Vehicle%20Services/registration-manual.pdf — SFN2872/2880print4-2026; manual pp32–33
• Actual abandoned/tow branches and instructions — https://ndlegis.gov/cencode/t23-1c15.pdf ; https://www.dot.nd.gov/sites/default/files/documents/Motor%20Vehicle%20Services/abandoned-motor-vehicle-process-for-towing-lien.pdf — no ch39-26guess or blanket retail-tax immunity

Ohio (OH)

• ORC 2329.13, 2329.14, 2329.15, 2329.39 — https://codes.ohio.gov/ohio-revised-code/section-2329.13 (and section-2329.14, -2329.15, -2329.39) — cells A,B,C,D,E,F
• ORC 2329.152 — https://codes.ohio.gov/ohio-revised-code/section-2329.152 — cells D
• ORC 2329.33 — https://codes.ohio.gov/ohio-revised-code/section-2329.33 — cells G
• ORC 2329.66 — https://codes.ohio.gov/ohio-revised-code/section-2329.66 — cells A,G
• ORC 4505.10 — https://codes.ohio.gov/ohio-revised-code/section-4505.10 — cells H
• ORC 4505.101 — https://codes.ohio.gov/ohio-revised-code/section-4505.101 — cells I

Notes (independent primary follow-up,2026-10-17): Section2329.15 requires appraisal/two-thirds floor and permits court-ordered private cash sale for good cause. Section2329.13 separates ordinary ten-day advertising, delinquent-tax inventory’s three weekly insertions and any-business-goods premises posting. Whether every chattel sale needs confirmation remains unresolved; an entered order has the statutory further-motion bar but remains directly appealable, as bank-one-v-dwt-realty-oh-2006 demonstrates. Section4505.101 supplies conditional clerk-title routes, not a universal lien-lapse clock: garage fifteen days from sending, tower sixty days from receipt/undeliverable notice. See ohio for separate dealer removal and court/tow packets. The actual2025adjustment sets vehicleUSD5,025,tools3,200,cash625 and bankruptcy-only wildcard1,675 throughMarch31,2028; §2329.661 exceptions remain. Bounded confirmation/title/notice holdings are not universal exemption or discharge guarantees.

Ohio bounded final review, 2026-10-18: codes.ohio.gov now disallows automated agents, so section text was read from the General Assembly’s enrolled acts. R.C. 2329.13 (three calendar days; ten days; three weekly insertions), 2329.66, 2329.33, 4505.10 and 4505.101 were confirmed there. R.C. 2329.15 (public auction, appraisal, two-thirds floor) has not been amended since 1997 and its text is not retained in the review package, so cells resting only on it are needs_verification. The real-property online-sale mandate is R.C. 2329.153. See ohio 12.1 and the 12.3 profiles.

Oklahoma (OK)

• 12 O.S. §§ 752, 757, 763, 765, 766, 769, 776 — https://www.oscn.net/applications/oscn/DeliverDocument.asp?CiteID=94135 (and CiteID=94130, 94141, 94143, 94144, 94147, 548556) — cells A,B,C,D,E,F
• 12 O.S. §§ 759, 762 — https://www.oscn.net/applications/oscn/DeliverDocument.asp?CiteID=94137 (and CiteID=94140) — notes
• 31 O.S. § 1 — https://www.oklegislature.gov/OK_Statutes/CompleteTitles/os31.rtf — cells A,G
• 42 O.S. § 91 — https://www.oklegislature.gov/OK_Statutes/CompleteTitles/os42.rtf — cells I
• 47 O.S. § 1107(B), full recovered title — https://www.oklegislature.gov/OK_Statutes/CompleteTitles/os47.pdf — H; the earlier unsuccessful RTF search is historical.
• 68 O.S. § 231(C), (F), tax-warrant documents/confirmation and State-purchase distinction — https://www.oklegislature.gov/OK_Statutes/CompleteTitles/os68.pdf.

Notes: Oklahoma expressly authorizes online sheriff auctions of chattels, with a USD 425 per-sale marketplace-cost cap, proceeds remitted to the court clerk within five business days, and terms subject to Oklahoma law (§ 776). A sheriff-required ten-percent deposit is due within 24 hours excluding Sundays/holidays; otherwise the next-highest bid may be accepted (§ 757(B)). Land appraisal/two-thirds rules (§§ 759, 762) are not chattel requirements. The full current Title 42 now supplies both §§ 91 and 91A. Under § 91(D)(1), an active title lien over fifteen years old routes to § 91A except for a manufactured home. The twenty-one-day possession condition in § 91(A)(3) belongs to its denied/resubmitted title-application branch, not a universal initial-sale clock; the linked Packet 752 separately instructs thirty-day possession before filing. Ordinary § 91 storage accrues from possessory-lien-notice mailing, but a qualifying storage/rental contract may secure its contractual periodic charges for up to sixty days before mailing, subject to the statutory compensation cap (§ 91(A)(5)). Knowingly false/fraudulent notices, not every ordinary defect, trigger the special treble-damages provision. Under §§ 91(F)/91A(F), Service Oklahoma must receive notice of commencement of proceedings for the administrative hold; absent that filing with Service Oklahoma, the lien-sale process may continue. The prior OSCN retrieval block and incomplete earlier RTF search are historical source limitations, not the present completeness of these recovered sections.

Oregon (OR)

• ORS 18.345, 18.920, 18.926, 18.930, 18.934, 18.940, 18.948, 18.954, 18.962, 18.986 — https://www.oregonlegislature.gov/bills_laws/ors/ors018.html — A, B, C, D, E, F, G; full text retrieved 2026-10-17
• ORS 803.092, 803.094 — https://www.oregonlegislature.gov/bills_laws/ors/ors803.html — H; full text retrieved 2026-10-17
• DMV packet 735-6828 — https://www.oregon.gov/odot/Forms/DMV/6828fill.pdf ; repossession 735-263 — https://www.oregon.gov/odot/Forms/DMV/263fill.pdf ; handbook chapter G — https://www.oregon.gov/odot/dmv/docs/chapter_g.pdf — H; full documents retrieved 2026-10-17
• ORS 87.172, 87.186, 87.192, 87.196 — https://www.oregonlegislature.gov/bills_laws/ors/ors087.html ; ORS 98.812(4) — https://www.oregonlegislature.gov/bills_laws/ors/ors098.html ; ORS 819.210 — https://www.oregonlegislature.gov/bills_laws/ors/ors819.html — I; full text retrieved 2026-10-17

Notes (Oregon,October18,2026): Personal-property website posting requires creditor election; different sale procedure needs ORS18.954authority. Sheriff/deputy purchase prohibition was checked in full18.934. Section18.918(4)addresses omission from the creditor’s notice list,not a universal cure for every notice defect. Completed-sale challenges use the actual conditional ORCP71 and chapter12 voidness,estoppel,cause-specific limitation/laches rules,not one invented universal deadline. The precise non-goods bidder-default remedy remains an actual researched limitation in oregon. Its LLC/LPforeclosure questions are also retained; hypothetical unproved auctions are not extra channels. Director-ordered tax foreclosure under314.419has its own120-day/+20%redemption; ordinary314.430execution is distinct. The full83grant register and131actual channels distinguish the actual warehouse/carrier/molder/aviation/vessel,crop,employee,state/environmental and other regimes rather than treating all possession as the same service lien.

Pennsylvania (PA)

• Pa.R.C.P. 3102 — https://www.pacodeandbulletin.gov/Display/pacode?file=/secure/pacode/data/231/chapter3000/s3102.html&d=reduce — A
• Pa.R.C.P. 3124, 3125 — https://www.pacodeandbulletin.gov/Display/pacode?file=/secure/pacode/data/231/chapter3000/s3124.html&d=reduce, https://www.pacodeandbulletin.gov/Display/pacode?file=/secure/pacode/data/231/chapter3000/s3125.html&d=reduce — A
• Pa.R.C.P. 3128 — https://www.pacodeandbulletin.gov/Display/pacode?file=/secure/pacode/data/231/chapter3000/s3128.html&d=reduce — A, B, C, D
• Pa.R.C.P. 3132 — https://www.pacodeandbulletin.gov/Display/pacode?file=/secure/pacode/data/231/chapter3000/s3132.html&d=reduce — E
• Pa.R.C.P. 3134 — https://www.pacodeandbulletin.gov/Display/pacode?file=/secure/pacode/data/231/chapter3000/s3134.html&d=reduce — B, F, H
• Pa.R.C.P. 3123 — https://www.pacodeandbulletin.gov/Display/pacode?file=/secure/pacode/data/231/chapter3000/s3123.html&d=reduce — G
• 42 Pa.C.S. § 8123 — https://www.palegis.us/statutes/consolidated/view-statute?txtType=PDF&ttl=42&div=0&chapter=81&section=23&subsctn=0 — G
• 75 Pa.C.S. § 1114 — https://www.palegis.us/statutes/consolidated/view-statute?txtType=PDF&ttl=75&div=0&chapter=11&section=14&subsctn=0 — H
• 75 Pa.C.S. §§ 7305, 7307, 7308, 7311 — https://www.palegis.us/statutes/consolidated/view-statute?txtType=PDF&ttl=75&div=0&chapter=73 — I

Notes: Very short notice (6 days, handbills only — no publication or mailing required by rule). Sale terms set by local sheriff practice. Unclaimed abandoned-vehicle surplus goes to the Motor License Fund, not the owner (§ 7308(c)). Only USD 300 general exemption; no vehicle-specific exemption located. Statutes retrieved as official PDFs from palegis.us (HTML view renders by script).

Pennsylvania follow-up,2026-10-17: simmons-v-simmons-pa-1986 is Superior Court personalty authority for the debtor-interest/senior-finance-lien result, not a Supreme Court decision. PublicNoticePA’s administrative terms restrict personal/noncommercial use and forbid the identified compilation/database uses; it is a supplementary newspaper-fed repository, not permission to ingest or a statutory substitute for Rule3128/45Pa.C.S.ch.3publication. HB1291’s pending/laid-on-table status is not enactment. Public boat scope now includes the actual September12,2026final rule and adopted annex, which the served definition omits; scope is not universal purchaser discharge. See pennsylvania for the distinct titled-boat versus municipal/registration routes, current forms, clocks, actual opinion holdings and remaining questions.

Pennsylvania bounded final review, 2026-10-18: the Rule 3128 note leaves the time of sale and deposit, balance, forfeiture and resale terms to county practice, so those are answered by “local practice governs”; online bidding remains needs_verification. Commonwealth and local tax liens are enforced by execution, and a sale under a junior lien leaves their unpaid balance in place (Fiscal Code § 1401; TRC §§ 242, 1110-D, 1112-C). See pennsylvania 12.3 for the full lien profiles and buyer-channel register.

Rhode Island (RI)

• R.I. Gen. Laws §§ 9-26-2, 9-26-12, 9-26-13 — http://webserver.rilegislature.gov/Statutes/TITLE9/9-26/9-26-12.htm (and 9-26-2.htm, 9-26-13.htm) — A, B, C, D, E, G
• R.I. Gen. Laws §§ 9-25-7, 9-25-8 — http://webserver.rilegislature.gov/Statutes/TITLE9/9-25/9-25-7.htm, http://webserver.rilegislature.gov/Statutes/TITLE9/9-25/9-25-8.htm — A, B
• R.I. Gen. Laws § 9-26-4(13) — http://webserver.rilegislature.gov/Statutes/TITLE9/9-26/9-26-4.htm — G
• R.I. Gen. Laws § 31-3.1-14 — http://webserver.rilegislature.gov/Statutes/TITLE31/31-3.1/31-3.1-14.htm — H
• R.I. Gen. Laws §§ 34-35-1, -2, -3, -5 — http://webserver.rilegislature.gov/Statutes/TITLE34/34-35/34-35-1.htm (and -2, -3, -5) — I
• R.I. Gen. Laws §§ 31-42-3, -4, -5 — http://webserver.rilegislature.gov/Statutes/TITLE31/31-42/31-42-3.htm (and -4, -5) — I

Notes: Chapter34-35supplies judicial enforcement of an existing lien, not creation of a repair/storage lien. Section34-35-6preserves other independently lawful statutory/contractual remedies. Certificated towers39-12.1-9, dry-dock operators34-46and self-storage34-42have distinct nonjudicial routes and different notice/priority/purchaser protections. Bare automobile storage supplies no common-law lien under Case v.Bogosian. Court-sale surplus goes to registry; other channels have their own surplus rules. Repair lien capped at owner-signed authorization amount (§ 34-32-1). Garage keeper who fails to report an abandoned vehicle within 10 days loses storage claim (§ 31-42-5). Abandoned-vehicle sales run by police department, surplus held 90 days (§ 31-42-4). Town sergeants/constables may execute district court writs.

• Independently lawful Rhode Island remedies — https://webserver.rilegislature.gov/Statutes/TITLE34/34-35/34-35-6.htm ; https://webserver.rilegislature.gov/Statutes/TITLE39/39-12.1/39-12.1-9.htm ; https://webserver.rilegislature.gov/Statutes/TITLE34/34-46/34-46-5.htm ; https://webserver.rilegislature.gov/Statutes/TITLE34/34-42/34-42-4.htm ; https://static.case.law/a2d/708/cases/0905-01.json — current full primary bodies; common-law creation, judicial enforcement and independent sale powers distinguished

South Carolina (SC)

• S.C. Code §§ 15-39-610, -630, -640, -650, -660, -680, -690, -700, -710, -720, -830, -870 — https://www.scstatehouse.gov/code/t15c039.php — A, B, C, D, E, F
• S.C. Code § 15-41-30 — https://www.scstatehouse.gov/code/t15c041.php — G
• S.C. Code §§ 56-19-390, -400, -410 — https://www.scstatehouse.gov/code/t56c019.php — H
• S.C. Code § 29-15-10 — https://www.scstatehouse.gov/code/t29c015.php — I

Notes: The ordinary §29-15-10repair/storage route uses a magistrate; the separate aircraft grant imports Common Pleas vessel-lien procedure. Do not import realty’s deposit/upset regime into ordinary chattel execution; §15-39-710requires cash/resale at the defaulting buyer’s risk. The current RFA2026table, visually verified, supplies the adjusted exemptions, not the printed USD5,000vehicle base. Seven business days is the pre-notice storage-charge limit, not a limit on every lawful later charge. The online Code is unofficial through2025; the returned review additionally checks2026acts/effective dates and later Register issues. SCPublicNotices terms prohibit automated/database collection; no further automated requests or inferred reuse permission. The 2026-10-18 final review closes the DOR sale procedure (Title 12 ch. 53) and county personalty-tax buyer title (chrysler-credit-v-lee-1983); south-carolina keeps online execution, tax-sale surplus and cotton-pest title open (module score 15).

South Dakota (SD)

• SDCL §§ 15-19-1, 15-19-2, 15-19-3, 15-19-4, 15-19-5, 15-19-6, 15-19-7, 15-19-33 — https://sdlegislature.gov/api/Statutes/15-19-1.html (and corresponding /15-19-N.html) — A, B, C, D
• SDCL ch. 15-19 table of contents — https://sdlegislature.gov/api/Statutes/15-19.html — E, F, G
• SDCL §§ 15-18-4 — https://sdlegislature.gov/api/Statutes/15-18-4.html — B, F
• SDCL § 15-19-23 — https://sdlegislature.gov/api/Statutes/15-19-23.html — G
• SDCL §§ 43-45-2, 43-45-4 — https://sdlegislature.gov/api/Statutes/43-45-4.html, https://sdlegislature.gov/api/Statutes/43-45-2.html — G
• SDCL § 32-3-6 — https://sdlegislature.gov/api/Statutes/32-3-6.html — H
• SDCL §§ 44-11-1, 44-11-4 — https://sdlegislature.gov/api/Statutes/44-11-1.html, https://sdlegislature.gov/api/Statutes/44-11-4.html — I
• SDCL §§ 21-54-1, -5, -6, -7, -10, -11 — https://sdlegislature.gov/api/Statutes/21-54-6.html (and corresponding sections) — I

Notes: Constables and court-named referees can conduct execution sales. Personalty notice is short (10 days, one newspaper issue). Lien-sale buyer’s title is “absolute and beyond redemption” (§ 21-54-11); owner may force judicial foreclosure via affidavit of defense (§ 21-54-3, caption only). The final sentence of44-11-1excludes motor vehicles from that section, not merely its90-day abandonment paragraph. Use specific32-3-67–69for the qualifying unpaid-repair title route; establish valid rank and actual notice/vesting/sale predicates rather than infer every motor-vehicle lien or absolute-title power. Abandoned-vehicle removal regime separately in ch. 32-36 (not reviewed).

• Full current section and specific repair title route — https://sdlegislature.gov/api/Statutes/44.html?all=true ; https://sdlegislature.gov/api/Statutes/32.html?all=true — final44-11-1sentence excludes motor vehicles;32-3-67–69includes actual2026chapter128vehicle/boat/trailer branches

Tennessee (TN)

• Full Rule 69 — unofficial reproduction independently retrieved 2026-10-17; earlier official court-rule retrieval on 2026-10-16 retained as historical provenance, not claimed as a fresh success.
• Tenn. Code Ann. §§ 26-2-103 (2015 code bill), 26-2-111 (2025 code bill), 55-4-119 (2019 code bill) — official text in the General Assembly’s annual code bills, retrieved 2026-10-18. §§ 26-2-403–408 and 26-5-104, 106, 115 are not in any 2013–2026 code bill; the earlier Justia readings left no retained body and Justia now returns a security challenge, so those statements are needs_verification.
• 2025 Pub. Ch. 457 — earlier full official browser retrieval retained; fresh 403 does not negate it.
• Official 2026 code bill, volume 2 — genuine full PDF retrieved; relevant ch. 55-31 and artisan/garagekeeper/storage amendments read. It integrates 2025 acts, not a complete 2026 supplement.
• Tenn. Code Ann. §§ 66-19-103 and 66-14-104 (2026 code bill) and 66-31-105 (2021 code bill) — official text retrieved 2026-10-18. §§ 66-14-101–103, 105–106, 47-9-333 and 66-31-104 could not be retrieved from a permitted source and are needs_verification.
• Revenue forms RV-F1312101 and RV-F1315201 — genuine complete official PDFs retrieved normally.

Final review 2026-10-18: tennessee module score 317; only tennessee-embraer-v-aerocentury-2017 is a verified full opinion; the Secretary of State session-law host and Revenue help-center pages returned 403 and were not retried. Notes (independent review 2026-10-17): The earlier blanket “none retrieved” status is superseded, not erased as fetch history. General execution title/confirmation/challenge, garagekeeper notice/title conflicts, private aircraft/animal-lien protections, specified business/tax details and comprehensive currentness remain open. Repository terms are restrictive; no collection/republication permission was obtained. The motor-vehicle portal’s operational/mandatory dates are unestablished; owner search is announced for 2027, not a verified live auction feed. Full case texts, including tennessee-embraer-v-aerocentury-2017, do not establish comprehensive later-treatment clearance. No publication/ingestion readiness follows from the filled rows.

Texas (TX)

Independent reconciliation, 2026-10-17: full official current chapters CP 34, PR 42, TN 501 and PR 70, actual court rules including 679b and August 2026 Title Manual were retrieved. Prior public.law/fetch-failure provenance below is history, not the present exclusive source base. Individual-debtor notice/suspension is additional to Rule 650 posting. Manual 16-15 title evidence does not itself adjudicate every secured interest; a receiver cannot void a nonparty lender’s rights merely by obtaining a turnover/title order (jajwk-v-primeway-federal-credit-union-2026). The module retains exact source conflicts and unresolved channel questions.

• Tex. R. Civ. P. 629, 649, 650 — https://www.txcourts.gov/media/1463426/texas-rules-of-civil-procedure.pdf — A, B, C, D, E
• Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code § 34.045 — https://tcss.legis.texas.gov/resources/CP/htm/CP.34.htm (official; earlier public.law fallback is historical) — F
• Tex. Transp. Code § 501.074 — https://tcss.legis.texas.gov/resources/TN/htm/TN.501.htm — F, H
• Tex. Prop. Code §§ 42.001, 42.002 — https://tcss.legis.texas.gov/resources/PR/htm/PR.42.htm — G
• Tex. Prop. Code § 70.006 — https://tcss.legis.texas.gov/resources/PR/htm/PR.70.htm — I

Notes: Constables conduct many personal-property execution sales. Notice is posting-only (10 days) plus TRCP 679b for individual debtors. Official chapter texts were re-retrieved on 2026-10-18 and are byte-identical to the 2026-10-17 captures; the earlier public.law mirror citations are superseded. Final review 2026-10-18: texas module score 268 (88 statutory lien grants profiled).

Utah (UT)

• URCP 69B — https://legacy.utcourts.gov/rules/view.php?type=urcp&rule=69B — A, C, D, E, F
• URCP 64 — https://legacy.utcourts.gov/rules/view.php?type=urcp&rule=64 — B
• URCP 69C — https://legacy.utcourts.gov/rules/view.php?type=urcp&rule=69C — G
• Utah Code § 78B-5-506 — https://le.utah.gov/xcode/Title78B/Chapter5/C78B-5-S506_2015051220150512.html — G
• Utah Code § 41-1a-704 — https://le.utah.gov/xcode/Title41/Chapter1A/C41-1a-S704_2025010120240501.html — H
• Utah Code § 38-2-4 — https://le.utah.gov/xcode/Title38/Chapter2/C38-2-S4_2025050720250507.html — I
• Utah Code chs. 38-2 and 38-8, full legislative XML — https://le.utah.gov/xcode/Title38/Chapter2/C38-2_1800010118000101.xml and https://le.utah.gov/xcode/Title38/Chapter8/C38-8_1800010118000101.xml — cells H,I
• Utah Tax Commission actual TC656Rev7/26,TC656VRev5/26,TC839RRev3/24,TC569BRev12/12 — https://files.tax.utah.gov/tax/forms/current/tc-656.pdf ; https://files.tax.utah.gov/tax/forms/current/tc-656v.pdf ; https://files.tax.utah.gov/tax/forms/current/tc-839r.pdf ; https://files.tax.utah.gov/tax/forms/current/tc-569b.pdf — cells H,I
• Current complete41/70A/72XML — https://le.utah.gov/xcode/Title41/C41_1800010118000101.xml ; https://le.utah.gov/xcode/Title70A/C70A_1800010118000101.xml ; https://le.utah.gov/xcode/Title72/C72_1800010118000101.xml — §§512/.705,warehouse209/210,towing603/604; current/end/future dates separately inspected

Notes (reconciled 2026-10-18): Ordinary execution requires seven-day posting plus at least one newspaper insertion at least one day ahead if a county newspaper exists; serve the defendant and named third parties by initial publication. Legal holidays excluded; postponement beyond72hours needs renotice. Public-place/visible-goods conditions are actual law,not a presumed unrestricted online-only entitlement. Payment triggers officer certificate/delivery without separate ordinary chattel confirmation; senior security continues absent actual authorization/discharge. Current actual TC6567/26,TC656V5/26,TC839R3/24andTC569B12/12are recovered;512/.705and channel-specific authority govern application,not one fictional universal sheriff blank. Repair publication is statutorily conditional while the administrative packet generally asks for proof; obtaining that proof is the operational intersection,not an unanswered hypothetical approval guarantee. Chapter2sale proceeds are limited to valid secured charges: the expressly labelled statutory-scope inference preserves entitled residual proceeds, with no invented general remittance deadline or clothing-service forfeiture. Warehouse209/210and self-storage38-8are separate grants with actual conditional priority and good-faith buyer rules; no per-asset marina/hangar inventions. Current towing603(22)adds notice-based fee forfeiture,release,presumption and prevailing fees; its abandonment clock alone is not a private-sale power. Aircraftrepair needs FAAfiling,incorporated38-12-102notice,180daysuit and judgment; airport abandonment72-10-205.5uses actual classAnotice and statutory branches. Receiver/ABC/equity-sale rules and current title/tax/consumer/Corraypending-review qualifications are detailed in UtahM12; research is not nationwide release clearance.

Vermont (VT)

• 12 V.S.A. §§ 2731, 2733, 2734, 2735, 2740, 2796 (subch. headings) — https://legislature.vermont.gov/statutes/fullchapter/12/111 — A, B, C, D, E, G
• 23 V.S.A. § 2025 — https://legislature.vermont.gov/statutes/fullchapter/23/021 — H
• 9 V.S.A. §§ 1951–1953 — https://legislature.vermont.gov/statutes/fullchapter/09/051 — I
• 24 V.S.A. § 293 — https://legislature.vermont.gov/statutes/fullchapter/24/005 — cells B
• 12 V.S.A. §§ 2692, 2737–2738 — https://legislature.vermont.gov/statutes/fullchapter/12/111 — cells F
• 9 V.S.A. § 1954 and §§ 3904–3905 — https://legislature.vermont.gov/statutes/fullchapter/09/051 and https://legislature.vermont.gov/statutes/fullchapter/09/098 — cells I
• 24 V.S.A. § 1936a — https://legislature.vermont.gov/statutes/fullchapter/24/055 — cells B
• 23 V.S.A. § 1753 — https://legislature.vermont.gov/statutes/fullchapter/23/019 — cells I

Notes (reconciled 2026-10-17): The legislature-hosted compilation calls itself an unofficial convenience copy and includes 2026 amendments; exhaustive session-law reconciliation remains unverified. Execution requires fourteen-day posting; two newspaper insertions additionally apply only at the statutory USD 50 execution/USD 2 publication-cost thresholds (§ 2733). The officer’s return (§ 2737) does not establish a buyer conveyance document. No confirmation step and no post-sale personalty redemption are prescribed (§§ 2734, 2737); whether constables’ civil-process authority (24 V.S.A. § 1936a) includes levying execution remains needs_verification (bounded final review 2026-10-18). The vehicle exemption is USD 2,500. Artisan sales require three months unpaid, then prescribed notices/public auction, with disputed-charge and surplus rules (§§ 1951–1954). Self-storage separately requires its own notices and at least twenty-one-day registered-lender notice (§§ 3904–3905). Section 2025 replacement title is not conclusive against prior owners/lienholders; 23 V.S.A. § 1753 authorises ordinance tow liens without a sale power.

Virginia (VA)

• Va. Code § 8.01-492 — https://law.lis.virginia.gov/vacode/title8.01/chapter18/section8.01-492/ — A, B, C, D, E
• Va. Code § 8.01-487.1 — https://law.lis.virginia.gov/vacode/title8.01/chapter18/section8.01-487.1/ — A
• Va. Code § 34-26 — https://law.lis.virginia.gov/vacode/title34/chapter3/section34-26/ — G
• Va. Code § 46.2-633 — https://law.lis.virginia.gov/vacode/title46.2/chapter6/section46.2-633/ — H
• Va. Code § 46.2-644.02 — https://law.lis.virginia.gov/vacode/title46.2/chapter6/section46.2-644.02/ — I
• Va. Code § 46.2-644.03 — https://law.lis.virginia.gov/vacode/title46.2/chapter6/section46.2-644.03/ — I
• Va. Code §§ 8.01-480, 8.01-492–8.01-495, full execution chapter — https://law.lis.virginia.gov/vacodefull/title8.01/chapter18/ — cells A,B,C,D,E,F
• Va. Code § 34-26 — https://law.lis.virginia.gov/vacode/34-26/ — cells G
• Current Va. Code §§ 46.2-633, 46.2-644.02–46.2-644.03 — https://law.lis.virginia.gov/vacodefull/title46.2/chapter6/ — cells H,I

Notes (reconciled 2026-10-17): Section 8.01-480 distinguishes prior security interests already due, which require the prescribed notice/payment process, from prior interests not due, which remain on the property. Chapter 18 (read in full on 2026-10-18) has no confirmation step, purchaser certificate for ordinary goods, appraisal or minimum bid, deposit scheme, online-only authority or post-sale personalty redemption; vehicle execution paperwork is verified in VLIC-3.360. Vehicle-lien sale value determines the route: up to USD 12,500 private public-cash auction, over USD 12,500 through USD 25,000 general district court, and over USD 25,000 circuit court (§ 46.2-644.03). The private route combines DMV certified notice/fifteen-day reclamation with concurrent electronic posting for at least twenty-one days. Judicial notice does not replace service, and SCRA requirements remain. Current subsections E/F provide compliant-sale certification/application routes to title free of prior liens/ownership claims; this is not authority to skip notice or treat every lien sale as private.

The actual VLIC-3.360 and VSA62 were retrieved/read for the distinct court-sale/law-enforcement columns. Section8.01-113’s twelve-month confirmed-decree-sale rule is not automatically every ordinary execution’s challenge deadline; executions are quashed under § 8.01-477. See virginia (bounded final review 2026-10-18) for sources and remaining limits.

Washington (WA)

• RCW 6.21.020 — https://app.leg.wa.gov/RCW/default.aspx?cite=6.21.020 — A, B, C
• RCW 6.21.050 — https://app.leg.wa.gov/RCW/default.aspx?cite=6.21.050 — A, B, D
• RCW 6.21.110 — https://app.leg.wa.gov/RCW/default.aspx?cite=6.21.110 — E
• RCW 6.17.130 — https://app.leg.wa.gov/RCW/default.aspx?cite=6.17.130 — A, G
• RCW 6.23.010 — https://app.leg.wa.gov/RCW/default.aspx?cite=6.23.010 — G
• RCW 6.15.010 — https://app.leg.wa.gov/RCW/default.aspx?cite=6.15.010 — G
• WAC 308-56A-320 — https://app.leg.wa.gov/WAC/default.aspx?cite=308-56A-320 — H
• WAC 308-56A-305 — https://app.leg.wa.gov/WAC/default.aspx?cite=308-56A-305 — H
• RCW 46.55.130 — https://app.leg.wa.gov/RCW/default.aspx?cite=46.55.130 — I
• RCW 60.08.020 — https://app.leg.wa.gov/RCW/default.aspx?cite=60.08.020 — I
• RCW 60.10.040 — https://app.leg.wa.gov/RCW/default.aspx?cite=60.10.040 — I
• RCW 6.21.070, sheriff’s bill of sale — https://app.leg.wa.gov/RCW/default.aspx?cite=6.21&full=true — cells F
• RCW46.12.670(2) — https://app.leg.wa.gov/RCW/default.aspx?cite=46.12&full=true — H
• TD-420-001 — https://dol.wa.gov/forms/view/420001/download?inline= — H
• TD-420-042 / TD-420-072 — https://dol.wa.gov/forms/view/420042/download?inline= and https://dol.wa.gov/forms/view/420072/download?inline= — H,I
• WAC308-61-190(1) — https://app.leg.wa.gov/WAC/default.aspx?cite=308-61&full=true — distinct compliant tow ownership termination
• Snohomish County Sheriff’s personalty-sale procedure — https://snohomishcountywa.gov/3336/Sheriffs-Sales-Information — cells G (official county guidance, not a statewide statute)

Notes (reconciled 2026-10-17): Execution keeps its thirty-day debtor mail/attorney notice/affidavit and four-week sheriff posting. Section6.21.070prescribes the sheriff bill of sale; RCW46.12.670(2) adds last title if available, transfer proof and application within fifteen days, subject to its resale exception. TD-420-001is recovered; no universally required extra sheriff supplement is invented. Actual court-awarded ownership uses WAC308-56A-320; repossession TD-420-042and repair TD-420-072differ. Chapter60.10repair sales preserve superior liens/title carry-forward. A compliant46.55tow auction instead terminates registered/legal ownership under WAC308-61-190(1), using the operator-generated sale affidavit plus420-001; invalid-sale remedies do not create universal buyer immunity. Do not substitute either rule for every Washington sale. The electronic-option scope is now answered from the realty/franchise grant and manual-goods view requirement, not a blanket hybrid-auction prohibition. Future-effective displayed alternatives are not applied early. Current CR66is reserved/refers to7.60; receiver approval follows.260and actual order, not sheriff-realty confirmation.

West Virginia (WV)

• W. Va. Code § 38-4-20 — https://code.wvlegislature.gov/38-4-20/ — A, B, C, D, E
• W. Va. Code § 38-4-22 — https://code.wvlegislature.gov/38-4-22/ — A, G
• W. Va. Code § 38-4-23 — https://code.wvlegislature.gov/38-4-23/ — A, G
• W. Va. Code § 38-8-1 — https://code.wvlegislature.gov/38-8-1/ — G
• W. Va. Code § 17A-4-5 — https://code.wvlegislature.gov/17A-4-5/ — H
• W. Va. Code § 38-11-3 — https://code.wvlegislature.gov/38-11-3/ — I
• W. Va. Code § 38-11-4 — https://code.wvlegislature.gov/38-11-4/ — I
• W. Va. Code § 38-11-14 — https://code.wvlegislature.gov/38-11-14/ — I
• W. Va. Code § 38-4-16 — https://code.wvlegislature.gov/38-4-16/ — F
• W. Va. Code § 11-10-13e — https://code.wvlegislature.gov/11-10-13E/ — G

Notes: Outlier — debtor-demanded appraisal with 2/3-of-appraisal cash threshold, otherwise credit sale (4/8 months), so a cash buyer may lose to a higher credit bid. Garage/storage lien sale requires court assertion unless the owner and lienor agreed another method (§ 38-11-14). An improver who releases a vehicle to a repossessing secured party is paid the lesser of actual parts-and-labour cost or USD 1,500 on redemption or resale (§ 38-11-3) — a payment right, not a cap on the lien while possession is kept (reconciled 2026-10-18).

Wisconsin (WI)

• Wis. Stat. § 815.05 — https://docs.legis.wisconsin.gov/document/statutes/815.05 — B
• Wis. Stat. § 815.29 — https://docs.legis.wisconsin.gov/statutes/statutes/815/29 — A, C, D, E
• Wis. Stat. § 815.39 — https://docs.legis.wisconsin.gov/document/statutes/815.39 — G
• Wis. Stat. § 815.18(3)(g) — https://docs.legis.wisconsin.gov/statutes/statutes/815/18 — G
• Wis. Stat. § 342.17 — https://docs.legis.wisconsin.gov/document/statutes/342.17 — H
• Wis. Stat. § 779.48 — https://docs.legis.wisconsin.gov/document/statutes/779.48 — I
• Wis. Stat. §§ 815.26, 815.38, 815.55; 71.91(5)(c); 108.22(3)(b) — https://docs.legis.wisconsin.gov/statutes/statutes/815.pdf, https://docs.legis.wisconsin.gov/document/statutes/71.91, https://docs.legis.wisconsin.gov/document/statutes/108.22 — D, F

Notes: Website posting applies where the county maintains a site. Applicable § 779.48(2) sales track Article 9; the low-value towing and junk branches and the DOT notice and title discrepancies are not resolved by that cross-reference. Both 2026 DATCP adjustment notices (Register 840A2) set the 2026 amounts and service-date conditions; USD 1,090 is a vehicle-value route threshold, not a debt cap. MV1 is the 10/2026 revision; the current MV2419 blank and revision remain unrecovered. The statutes are current through 2025 Wis. Act 247 (certified October 1, 2026); Act 196 § 32’s January 4, 2027 change is not yet in force. wisconsin carries the adjudicated module 12 score and its required-field register (review of 2026-10-18).

Wyoming (WY)

• Wyo. Stat. §§ 1-17-301, 1-17-312, 1-17-314, 1-17-319, 1-17-321, 1-17-418, 1-19-105; 1-18 (heading); 1-20-106 — https://wyoleg.gov/statutes/compress/title01.pdf — A, B, C, D, E, G
• Wyo. Stat. §§ 31-2-104(c), 31-2-504(c) — https://wyoleg.gov/statutes/compress/title31.pdf — H
• Wyo. Stat. §§ 29-7-101, 29-7-105 — https://wyoleg.gov/statutes/compress/title29.pdf — I

Notes: Short notice (10 days, newspaper only). Court-ordered private sales floor at 2/3 appraisal. Lien sale is UCC-style “commercially reasonable”, with no minimum notice period in the statute.

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Disclaimer. This page provides legal information, not legal advice. Execution, exemption, title and lien-sale law changes and varies by court, county and case posture, and several dollar amounts above are indexed. Nothing here creates an attorney-client relationship. Verify every cell against the cited primary source — and every ⚠ needs_verification cell against the official code — and consult a licensed attorney in the relevant jurisdiction before bidding or acting. Last verified: 2026-10-16.